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The Telegraph 2 days ago NP Comment. Recorded June 9, Comments. Postmedia News 2 days ago NP Comment. Letters 2 days ago NP Comment. Many were killed and many survivors were abused. Turkey has a history of police brutality, including the use of torture particularly between and Police brutality featured excessive use of tear gas including targeting protesters with tear gas canisters , [66] pepper spray, and water cannons.

Physical violence against protesters has been observed, for example, in the suppression of Kurdish protests and May Day demonstrations. The protests in Turkey were in response to the brutal police suppression of an environmentalist sit-in protesting the removal of Taksim Gezi Park. The European Court of Human Rights has noted the failure of the Turkish investigating authorities to carry out effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement personnel during demonstrations.

In , the General Directorate of Security issued a circular banning all audio-visual recordings of law enforcement officers at protests. In Vienna, there is an association made between Vienna’s drug problem and the city’s African migrants, which have led to African migrants being racially profiled. There have been several highly publicized incidents in Austria where police have either tortured, publicly humiliated, or violently beaten people—in some cases, to the point of death.

While the most notorious of these incidents occurred in the late s, incidents as recent as are being investigated by the Vienna Police Department for Special Investigations. There has been a notable lack of commitment to addressing the violation of civilians’ rights in Austria, with Amnesty International reporting that in — very few people who violated human rights were brought to justice.

The culture of excusing police officers for their misconduct has continued into the present day, and any complaints of mistreatment are often met with inadequate investigations and judicial proceedings.

Austria has legislation that criminalizes hate speech against anyone’s race, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. Austria has several NGOs that are trying to implement broad programs that encourage positive cross-cultural relations and more targeted programs such as racial sensitivity training for police.

The Austrian police are formulating their policies to prevent police brutality and to make prosecuting police misconduct fairer. However, it appears that incidents of police brutality are still occurring. One suggestion was to disband the Bereitschaftspolizei , Vienna’s riot police, as they have frequently been involved with human rights violations and situations of police brutality.

Such a plan was required by the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The police in Belarus clamp down on dissidents, often violently. In May , authorities stopped Ryanair Flight in Belarusian airspace. A Belarusian journalist and activist, Roman Protasevich was taken off the plane and detained by authorities.

Belgian law enforcement changed to two police forces operating on a federal and local level in after a three-tier police system. While the two services remain independent, they integrate common training programs and recruitment.

The change was prompted by a national parliamentary report into a series of pedophile murders which proved police negligence and severely diminished public confidence. Currently, approximately 33, local police and civilians work across regional police forces. An extreme instance in January led to the death of Jonathan Jacob in Mortsel. He was apprehended by local Mortsel police for behaving strangely under the influence of amphetamines.

The footage depicted eight officers from Antwerp police’s Special Intervention Unit restraining and beating Jacob after he had been injected with a sedative sparked public outrage.

The Grand Chamber voiced its concern that “a slap inflicted by a law-enforcement officer on an individual who is entirely under his control constitutes a serious attack on the individual’s dignity”. Several other instances of police violence can be noted in Belgium.

In , Mawda, a four-year-old child was killed in an encounter with a truck used to carry migrants across the border. A police officer shot on the moving car, despite knowing a child was in it. In , Lamine Bangoura was killed in his own apartment by eight policemen because he had not paid rent. In the attempt to evict him out of his flat, the policemen used unwarranted brutality which resulted in Lamine’s death.

In , Mehdi, year-old Moroccan boy was run over by a police car on patrol. He was hit by a police car to stop him in his chase, which killed him on impact.

Sources say it was on purpose, even though he was on a scooter. Both these cases had been filed as dismissed. In , Ibrahima was arrested. He was filming a police control.

The authorities however, said he was arrested for not respecting the curfew, which starts at 10pm, even though his arrest happened at 6pm.

He died in police custody, in unknown circumstances. His death prompted a lot of reaction from the public, who organized a protest a few days after his killing. The Constitution of Croatia prohibits torture, mistreatment, and cruel and degrading punishment under Article 17, and accords arrested and convicted persons humane treatment under Article 25 of the OHCHR.

From to , the Croatian police, in addition to their regular police tasks, were a militarised force charged with the role of defending the country while seceding from Yugoslavia. The European Court of Human Rights has found that Croatian police authorities have failed to fulfill their obligations, on numerous occasions, under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by failing to carry out effective investigations to protect its citizens and tourists from violent attacks.

The Croatian police have a history of discriminatory abuse and failing to recognise violence against the Romani minority living in Croatia. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance noted that Croatian police abuse against minority groups including Romani were continually reported; [] police authorities are reluctant to take violence against Romani people seriously. The Croatian police violence has been used to intimidate refugees travelling from Serbia into Croatia.

The Police of Denmark has a force of approximately 11, officers and they serve in the 12 police districts and the two Danish overseas territories. A majority of complaints stem from general misconduct, such as traffic violations and unprofessional behaviour e. However, the Annual Report identifies some instances where the Police of Denmark used excessive force. Although examples of police brutality are not common, highly publicised incidents have been reported.

To ensure that police are well-trained and to mitigate the risk of police brutality, police recruits undergo approximately three years of training; at the National Police College, recruits learn about police theory, the Road Traffic Act, criminal law, physical training, other legislation, first aid, radio communication, securing evidence, identifying drugs, preventing crime, management, human rights, and cultural sociology to name a few.

For example, police. Any assessment of the justification of such force must also take into account whether the use of force involves any risk of bodily harm to third parties. Therefore, police in Denmark are held to high standards and will face consequences if they breach their obligations to encourage compliance. Victims of police misconduct are encouraged to lodge a report with the Authority. The Estonian Police force was temporarily dissolved in when Estonia lost its independence to the Soviet Union after it was occupied, before the Police Act passed in dissolved the Soviet militsiya and re-established it.

The main objectives for this organisation are to maintain security and public order, crime prevention, detection and investigation, securing the European Union EU border, citizenship and identity documentation administration. Incidents of police abuse are very rare. Although uncommon, powers are sometimes abused which leads to police brutality, such as the Bronze Soldier riots. The Bronze Night occurred from 26 to 29 April , when riots broke out over the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn being relocated.

The government wanted to relocate the statue and rebury the associated remains near the Tallinn Military Cemetery; the response was heavily negative among the country’s Russophone population, but for Estonians historically the Bronze Soldier served as a symbol of Soviet occupation and repression. One Russian rioter was killed and other protesters were arrested. Due to the overcrowded detention centres, many of the detainees were taken to cargo terminals in Tallinn’s seaport.

Then-chairman of the Constitution Party Andrei Zarenkov stated “people were forced to squat for hours or lie on the concrete floor with their hands tied behind their backs.

The police used plastic handcuffs which caused great pain. The police selectively beat the detainees including women and teenagers. We have pictures of a toilet which is stained with the blood of the injured”. The police department denied all claims made against them.

On 22 May , the Office of Prosecutor General of Estonia [] received more than fifty complaints on the police brutality that occurred during Bronze Night and opened seven criminal cases against them. In November , the United Nations Committee Against Torture expressed concerns over the use of excessive force and brutality by law enforcement personnel in regards to Bronze Night. It was later discovered that the accused were only allowed outside contact and lawyer assistance when brought before a judge.

Several detainees were denied access to a doctor while in police custody despite displaying visible injuries. The policing structure of the nineteenth century France has been linked to the outcomes of France’s reorganisation during the French Revolution.

France’s police ombudsman is currently dealing with 48 judicial inquiries into police brutality against its citizens, in which 1, individuals have been arrested within three months.

Grey areas around police accountability have come to light, including questions over how his body was covered in bruises and whether or not carotid restraint which involves constricting the carotid arteries was used against him. Recent protests over disputed labor laws have revealed the extreme nature of police brutality in France, as many videos have surfaced in the media depicting police using disproportionate force on protesters. French officials have forced these aggressive videos to be destroyed.

A group known as the Stolen Lives Collective formed in response to the increased number of cases of police brutality in French communities. The group strongly demands the government to act against police brutality and to reduce racism present across the police force in France.

On 14 December , Amnesty International reported police brutality during the yellow vests movement. Participation in the weekly protests diminished due to violence, particularly due to the loss of eyes and hands, and the development of neurological disorders caused by police blast balls. Historically, police brutality was commonplace during the s and s following the Finnish Civil War.

In , there were 7, police officers in Finland. The number of these crimes were shown to increase annually. These types of cases were the most likely to be dismissed before proceeding to the prosecutor for consideration. In , a year-old police constable lured a year-old girl to his house by showing her his badge, where he got her drunk and raped her twice.

The constable was fired and sentenced to a two-year suspended sentence. Facial bones were also broken and he was left permanently damaged. One guard participating in the assault was sentenced to an day suspended prison sentence. The police twisted the man’s hands and pushed him backward and broke a femur in the process. According to the police, he had resisted, contrary to eyewitness accounts. A third officer testified that the event was captured on surveillance video, which was stored but accidentally destroyed.

The officer also stated that they had seen the footage and claimed that the video did not show any resistance on the part of the victim, but also that the assault happened out of the camera’s view. Germany is sensitive towards its history in implementing policing practices, though this has not stopped international bodies from identifying a clear pattern of police ill-treatment of foreigners and members of ethnic minorities.

As law enforcement is vested solely with the states of Germany, each state’s police force or “Land” police follows a different system of law. Accordingly, there is an absence of a federal comprehensive register, compiling and publishing regular, uniform, and comprehensive figures on complaints about police ill-treatment. The study was conducted by the Ruhr-University of Bochum and was the biggest study at the time to be conducted on police brutality in Germany.

The study found that the low number of complaints was likely due to a low expectation of success. Despite this objective lack of accountability for policing practice, public levels of trust in police remain among the highest in the EU only behind Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. Lower numbers exist in Scandinavian countries and the UK, [] suggesting that Germany is attempting to build the impression of having a more laissez-faire approach to policing, despite instances of police brutality.

One of the first documented incidents dates back to , where year-old activist Sideris Isidoropoulos was killed by police while he put up campaign posters on a public building. In , year-old protester Stamatina Kanelopoulou and year-old Iakovos Koumis died at the hands of the Greek police. They were beaten to death by police officers during a demonstration commemorating the Athens Polytechnic uprising.

The protests still occur to this day for protesters to commemorate the uprising. The protests are still commonly affected by police brutality around the time of the event.

The level and severity of police brutality in Greece over the last few years have been profound. Due to the recent financial crisis, many austerity measures have been enforced, resulting in many individuals and families struggling to survive. Greek citizens opposed these austerity measures from the beginning and showed their disapproval with strikes and demonstrations.

In response, police brutality has significantly increased, with consistent reports on the use of tear gas, severe injuries inflicted by the police force, and unjustified detention of protesters. In Greek police allegedly tortured four young men believed to be bank robbery suspects following their arrest. It was claimed that the men were hooked and severely beaten in detention. The media published photos of the men, all with severe bruising, though the police’s press release showed digitally manipulated photos of the four without injuries.

The Greek minister of citizen protection— Nikos Dendias —supported the police and claimed that they needed to use Photoshop to ensure the suspects were recognisable. Victims claimed they were tortured while being held at the Attica General Police Directorate and stated that police officers slapped them, spat on them, burnt their arms with cigarette lighters, and kept them awake with flashlights and lasers.

Dendias countered by accusing the British newspaper that published the details of these crimes of libel. It was proven by forensic examination that the torture had taken place. The two Greek journalists who commented on The Guardian report the next day were fired. Police brutality in Greece today predominantly manifests itself in the form of unjustified and extreme physical violence towards protesters and journalists.

Amnesty International highlights that the continued targeting of journalists is concerning as it infringes on the right to freedom of expression. According to a recent Amnesty International report, there have been multiple instances in which police have used excessive brutal force, misused less-lethal weapons against protesters, attacked journalists, and subjected bystanders to ill-treatment, particularly over the course of the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising, which took place on 17 November Police allegedly sprayed protesters with chemical irritants from close range — in one instance a year-old girl with asthma had been treated in the hospital after this attack and when she informed police of her condition they laughed.

Video footage confirmed that on 13 November , riot police began to strike students who attempted to run away from the grounds of Athens Polytechnic. Media reports suggest that around 40 protesters had to seek subsequent medical attention to injuries sustained from brutal police beatings.

He claimed that upon spotting him, about six police officers began assaulting him with their batons, and when they left they were replaced by another group of police. It has been indicated that riot police left beaten and gravely injured individuals without any medical assistance.

Amnesty International urges Greece to effectively and promptly investigate these crimes against civilians, which violate human rights, and hold perpetrators accountable.

One case that sparked nationwide riots was the death of year-old Alexis Grigoropoulos, who was shot dead by a police officer in December during demonstrations in Athens, sparkling large riots against police brutality.

Police threw gas grenades and used rubber bullets to shoot protesters. Protesters and non-violent civilians passing by were targeted, tackled, and injured by the police. Police broke the fingers of a handcuffed man and raided restaurants and bars to find radical demonstrators. Police brutality ranged from offensive language to physically attacking protesters. Reports show that brutality extended to bypassers, tourists, news reporters, and paramedics.

Hungarian Spectrum blogger Eva S. The requirements to become a police officer in Hungary are to graduate from high school, pass a matriculation exam, and complete two years in the police academy.

Most of what the Hungarian police academy teaches is academic theory and not much on practice. Police brutality has been a long-standing issue in Northern Ireland due to unsavoury police procedures used during the Troubles to obtain admissions of guilt. At present Northern Ireland still faces policing issues, though not to the extent during the Troubles. There are concerns about harassment by police against children aged 14—18 in low socio-economic areas of Northern Ireland which have led to a deep level of mistrust between the youth and the police.

Instances of harassment include police officials spitting on individuals or enforcing laws in a discriminatory fashion. Excessive use of force is unlawful, though section 76 7 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act allows the following considerations when deciding on what force is reasonable. A person acting for a legitimate purpose may not be able to weigh up the exact necessary action at the time or may act instinctively but honestly — in these instances, the use of force may be considered reasonable.

This is acknowledged by the Garda, who state: “Unfortunately, even in the most civilised democratic jurisdictions, tragedies resulting from police use of force will continue to devastate families and communities”. The use of force by Irish Police officers has been of international concern, when the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture reported on this issue in the Republic three times within a decade.

Given this state of events, the Garda engaged independent Human Rights experts to conduct a review of the force who found numerous deficiencies. The government responded by implementing new procedures based on this report. These include a new complaints procedure available against the Garda Ombudsman Commission , disciplinary procedures and whistle-blowing protections.

The use of excessive violence by police officers has been a major concern in Italy since the s. Beatings and violence are commonly used during demonstrations, and several murders have been carried out. The following incidents caused concern in the country:.

Latvia became an independent republic in and attempted to develop an effective and accepted police force, moving away from the untrusted Russian Tsarist administration. Despite positive post-independence aims to reform the police system and to maintain public order and security, the Latvian police were underfunded and under-resourced.

The National Militia was created in response, consisting of a group of volunteers to protect public order. From to , Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union , and all previous regulations and practices were overruled by the Communist regime, which brought in the Soviet militsiya. More significantly, the approach of community policing was replaced with a militarised authority based on Marxist ideologies.

During this time, an imbalance existed between police actions and citizens’ rights. Despite the lack of statistics, it is clear that police brutality was a major issue, as ustrated by the case where the former nominal head of the militsiya in practice – the secret police of the KGB of the Latvian SSR Alfons Noviks was sentenced to life imprisonment in this time period for genocide against the Latvian people. In , the independence of the state of Latvia was restored, which saw another change in the police system with the implementation of the Law on Police on 5 June.

This restructured the police into State, Security, and Local Government levels. The Law on Police reiterated ethical requirements, where police officers were prohibited from performing or supporting acts relating to “torture or other cruel, inhuman or demeaning treatment or punishment”. However, despite these reforms, issues regarding police brutality arose among the Russian population living in Latvia; in , police forces were accused of dispersing a rally of predominately Russian pensioners through the use of excessive force and brutality.

This identifies fundamental flaws in the Latvian police authorities. While the CPT gives appropriate authorities recommendations for improvements such as a review board for ill-treatment, they found that in , Latvian authorities did not enact any of their recommendations. This was alleged to occur mostly while being apprehended or at the police station including during questioning. Despite the flaws within the Latvian Police system, CPT has found that the number of allegations for poor treatment is decreasing over the years.

The Latvian Police force operates under the Professional Ethics and Conduct Code of the State Police Personnel, which states “a police officer shall use force, special facilities or weapon only in the cases stipulated by due course of law and to attain a legal aim. The use of spontaneous or -intentioned force, special facilities or weapon shall not be justified”, [] recognising that the authorities are conscious of police brutality, and given more time, it is likely that the figures will continue to decrease.

Laws in Luxembourg specifically distinguish between coercion and force in the Act on Regulating the Use of Force. However, this Act does not cover other forms of physical coercion by police officers such as the use of handcuffs as these are seen as basic police measures that do not require specific legislation.

The officer must be legitimately executing his duty and his actions and must be compatible under the principles of proportionality, subsidiarity, reasonability, and measure to use force. The police inspector the term used for a common officer must undergo legal and tactical training lasting an intensive 26 months followed by further training at an allocated police station.

Although police brutality is almost nonexistent in Luxembourg, there are effective procedures in place for the investigation and punishment of any potential misconduct by the Grand Ducal Police. Malta’s Police Force MPF is one of the oldest in Europe, with the Maltese government taking over the force in following the grant of self-governance.

Similarly, the Council of Europe of which Malta is a member follows the five principles developed by the European Court of Human Rights , where definition 16 states that police officers “may use reasonable force when lawfully exercising powers”. In , Lawrence Gonzi The Minister for Justice and Home Affairs called upon Martin Scicluna, a former civil servant and currently an expert on security issues at the Prime Minister’s Office, to conduct an independent inquiry into 24 March police brutality incident.

The inquiry required the investigation of “allegations of beatings carried out on detainees at Safi Detention Centre by members of the Detention Service on 24 March and to make any recommendations necessary in the light of [his] findings”.

Scicluna made recommendations that “appropriate [action] should be taken to reprimand the Detention Service officers involved in this operation and the relevant Senior NCOs for the acts of 25 excessive force used by some personnel in their charge”. Although Malta has attempted to tackle the police brutality through the implementation of independent systems such as the Internal Affairs Unit IAU , the US Department of State report on Malta’s human rights found that “authorities detained irregular immigrants under harsh conditions for up to 18 months during the review of their protected status.

After the IAU was implemented, the Human Rights Committee has raised questions on the use of force by state officials with respect to the countering of detention center riots, where police were accused of punching and striking detainees. An inquiry was consequently conducted in and following riots, resulting in criminal proceedings against the law enforcement officials responsible.

They called upon Maltese authorities to conduct a rapid investigation emphasising the need to forbid violence against migrants and refugees, whether by state parties or by individuals.

The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , concerning the conditions of migrants in detention, recommended that the “State party take appropriate measures to improve detention conditions and refrain from resorting to excessive use of force to counter riots by immigrants in detention centers, and also to avoid such riot”. The Malta Police Force issued a statement detailing what had happened, in which it claimed that Mr.

Calleja acted aggressively, refused to take a breathalyser test, ignored police orders, and used foul language. He was subsequently arrested and taken to a police squad car, but according to the police statement, he kicked the driver, tried to escape and banged his head repeatedly against the car window. The police added that he even spit blood at police officers and bit a constable’s arm, tearing off part of his skin.

When asked to state his client’s plea, Dr. Abela declared “absolutely not guilty,” before accusing the police of grossly distorting the truth. Calleja’s nose was bandaged, and Dr. Abela presented a medical certificate showing that it had been broken as evidence. The lawyer also presented his client’s blood-stained clothes — prosecuting inspector Jason Sultana originally objected, but relented after Dr.

The man claimed that the police roughly manhandled his son, handcuffed him and threw him into a van where he was beaten up and suffered from lacerations to the head as well as bruised ribs and muscles. He was subsequently charged with threatening the two officers while carrying out their duties, breaching the peace and refusing to give his particulars. He was cleared of the charges. In the ensuing verbal exchange the officer, Defence lawyer Rachel Tua said, made offensive remarks about the accused’s father.

Robertson was then allegedly thrown to the ground by the officer, who slammed the man’s head on the ground, the lawyer said, also claiming that the accused had his injured arm cruelly twisted while he was being handcuffed. She denied the prosecution’s assertion that Robertson had assaulted police, adding that his friends had witnessed the incident and would be summoned to testify. Tua told magistrate Vella that the police refused to allow Robertson to speak to her during his arrest, instead of holding him overnight and taking a statement the next morning — with the police officer who allegedly delivered the beating present in the interrogation room.

The police had not even told him why he was being arrested, she said. The Netherlands is signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights [] detailing the limits and responsibilities of police powers, and as such demonstrates a public commitment to the restricted legal use of police powers. These powers include the use of reasonable force to enable the effective discharge of duties, with the stipulation force be used proportionately and only as a last resort []. The police force of the Netherlands is divided into 25 regional forces and one central force.

A Regional Police Board, made up of local mayors and the chief public prosecutor, heads each regional force, with a chief officer placed in charge of police operations. Police accountability procedures include mandatory reporting of any on-duty incident that requires the use of force. The Rijksrecherche is the national agency responsible for the investigation of serious breaches of police conduct resulting in death or injury. In the Rijksrecherche conducted 67 inquiries related to police officers, 21 of which were related to shootings.

While Dutch society has a history of support for liberal values, it has been subject to practicing racial profiling and increased levels of police violence towards racial minorities. Van der Leun writes that suspicion and mistrust of some racial groups is evident and perpetuated by police attitudes at all levels of command. A notable case in racial profiling and the use of police force occurred in June with the death of Aruban man Mitch Henriquez.

Eleven protesters were arrested for failing to comply with instructions from the Mayor to limit protest to certain areas of the city, which led some protesters to claim authorities were attempting to criminalize the right to peaceful protest. The five officers alleged to be involved in Hendriquez’s death have been suspended but have yet to be charged.

The Polish police Policja force aims to “serve and protect the people, and to maintain public order and security”. A key factor influencing the levels of police brutality in Poland has been the move from a communist state to a democracy.

The United States Department of State report on Poland raised several concerns of police brutality; [] The report cited a case of police officers using violence to acquire a confession for armed robbery in , [] though it also noted that these police officers were eventually indicted for police brutality.

In , a man was killed and a woman injured in a riot when Polish police accidentally shot live ammunition instead of rubber bullets into the crowd after an association football game. Although rubber bullets were used, one man was hit in the neck and later died at the hospital. The Polish police also have a history of police brutality within the Roma community. One particular case of police brutality against the Romani people occurred in when the police took four Roma men to a field and beat them.

Portugal is ranked the fourth most heavily policed country in the world. This is restrictive on multiple counts; for example, police are not permitted to use their firearms when an offender is running away. Portuguese police have adopted an aggressive position in combating football hooliganism. Despite their means being considered disproportionate, the police view the heavy-handed nature of their tactics as a necessary and successful approach towards protecting the community and maintaining social order.

In , a viral video showed a Benfica fan being heavily beaten in front of his two children outside a football stadium.

The footage, filmed by a local television station, showed Jose Magalhaes leaving the football match early with his children and elderly father before being confronted by police officers. A statement released by the PSP acknowledged the controversial incident and announced that an investigation was launched against the officer responsible for initiating the attack. The statement also defended policing the large crowds in the aftermath of the football match.

Riot police had clashed with supporters the following day in Lisbon as fans celebrated Benfica’s title victory. The harsh approach was described as sufficient, justified, and necessary to prevent the social disorder from escalating. In a similar incident in , another football club, Sporting Lisbon, complained about “barbaric” police assaults on their fans.

There have been suggestions of institutionalised racism within the Portuguese police force, with activists claiming that discrimination is the deep-rooted cause of police brutality in Portugal.

Despite a good record in migrant integration, historical parallels can be drawn between Portugal’s colonial past and modern police racism. Racially-influenced police actions are illustrated by the violence in Cova de Moura, a low socio-economic area housing a significant migrant population.

Notably, during an incident in February , a young man named Bruno Lopes was aggressively searched and physically abused. On the same day, two human rights workers and five youth entered the Alfragide police station requesting information on Lopes’ situation. Upon arrival, the group was allegedly attacked by police officers shouting racist slurs.

The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECRI has raised concerns about police mistreatment of minorities in Portugal in all of its reports on the country.

Portuguese people of Roma descent have also been victims of police harassment and brutality in the country. There are several examples publicized by the media: one case from involved a Roma man and his son. The two walked to the Nelas police station in Porto to get some information, but the police allegedly ended up abusing them.

Two officers were convicted in for physically assaulting the father. Some of the people living in the camp, including children and women, were reportedly attacked by GNR officers.

Six Roma that were detained in the operation allege that they were later tortured and humiliated in the GNR station of Amares ; the GNR denied the accusations, while SOS Racismo promised to file a complaint against the force. Russian protests have gained media attention with the reelection of Vladimir Putin in More attention has been given to the frequency of police brutality shown on posted videos online. Then-president Dmitry Medvedev initiated reforms of the police force in an attempt to minimize the violence by firing the Moscow police chief and centralising police powers.

Police divisions in Russia are often based on loyalty systems that favor bureaucratic power among political elites. Phone tapping and business raids are common practice in the country, and often fail to give due process to citizens. Proper investigations into police officials are still considered insufficient by Western standards. In , Russia’s top investigative agency investigated charges that four police officers had tortured detainees under custody. Human rights activists claim that Russian police use torture techniques to extract false confessions from detainees.

Police regulations require officers to meet quotas for solving crimes, which encourages false arrests to meet their numbers.

In the early days, when Russia was part of the Soviet Union, the secret police and authorities used to detain people and send certain people to the gulags. Police brutality in Slovakia is systematic and widely documented, but is almost exclusively enacted on the Romani minority. The nation-state itself has particularly racist attitudes toward the Romani minority dating back to before the split of Czechoslovakia.

It is widely known that the government practiced forced sterilisation of Romani women and the segregation of the Romani into walled-off settlements; [] these forms of discrimination have filtered down to the police force. Excessive use of force against the Romani minority by police has been publicly criticised by the United Nations. In , a year-old Romani man died as a result of abuse in police custody at the hands of the Mayor of Magnezitovce and his son who works as a police officer.

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Get full transport controls, a jog wheel, and intelligent studio control in a portable, ergonomic surface. Working with the free Avid Control app, Avid Dock provides the quick access and tactile precision you need to navigate and control projects. Mix projects with greater speed than using a mouse. The 8-fader Artist Mix provides precision control and fast access to a variety of software functions right from the surface. All in a compact footprint that fits perfectly between your keyboard and display.

Join a vibrant creative community of other video and audio creators. Get up and running fast, with tutorials for new Media Composer users, as well as for Premiere Pro and Final Cut editors. Avid product expert Michael Krulik walks you through some of the new features of the Media Composer Organize your bins with background colors, sizes, and arrangements to ease your video workflow. Learn how to customize your workspaces for editing, coloring, effects, and audio layouts.

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Abraham Lincoln (/ ˈ l ɪ ŋ k ən / LINK-ən; February 12, – April 15, ) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from until his assassination in Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing . Try Capture One Pro for free. Download free trial. How does a perpetual license work? Can I share my single-user license with others? Is Capture One Pro compatible with my camera? What are the system requirements? Scroll to explore. Headquarters. Roskildevej DK . Renew or buy a new Software Updates + Support Plan for a perpetual license Create up to 64 tracks of dialogue, music, and sound effects in surround. Or send all tracks and effects to Pro Tools community of other video and audio creators. Expand your opportunities, promote your work, and find new talent—all in one free app. Download Capture One 10; How to install Capture One Afterwards, log in to your account on the replace.me website and go to the Manage licenses section. There you will find the license key for your Capture One Pro 10 perpetual license which you can use to activate software. Please, refer to this article: How to activate Capture One. With its ability to tackle up to audio tracks, Avid Pro Tools Studio is tailor-made for music production. You also get aux tracks, instrument tracks, and 1, MIDI tracks. Pro Tools Studio supports one video track for small-scale video productions. You also get routing folders and support for 64 channels of native I/O.

Check it out. With new enhancements in Media Composer Communicate clip notes more visibly in your timeline. And more! The Rough Cut Podcast features in-depth interviews with the top film, television and documentary post production professionals working in the industry today. Listen to editors talk about their craft, their latest projects and collaborating with their team. Hosted by MattFeury of Avid Technology. From first cut to final finishing, get the tools every video editor needs to create compelling stories faster.

Import and edit footage from any camera, no matter the format, codec, or resolution. Avid DNxHR and OpenEXR support eliminate bottlenecks, so you can work with a massive amount of media and quickly relink proxies to the original files with ease. Your project media will always be linked—even as projects move and evolve over the years. With new bin containers and mapping, you can organize and group content any way you want.

Find footage in seconds, searching for clips and takes based on the dialogue they contain with the PhraseFind and ScriptSync options. The majority of all films and TV shows are edited on Media Composer. From fluid timeline editing, to the precision toolset, you can navigate and cut sequences more intuitively and tell better stories. Work the way you want to work, with a modern interface that makes editing easier and more fluid.

Task-oriented workspaces—Edit, Color, Audio, and Effects—provide just the tools you need. You can even resize, rearrange, and hide panels. Show every angle of your story with ease with the Emmy Award-winning multicamera editing toolset. Sync up to 64 different angles automatically—even with different formats and frames—so you can immediately edit and align shots as needed.

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Make your story sound as good as it looks with a suite of audio tools and plugins. Create up to 64 tracks of dialogue, music, and sound effects in 7. Or send all tracks and effects to Pro Tools for audio post—without having to transcode sequences first. The next-generation Avid Media Engine gives you more power and speed, so you can stay focused on what matters most—your story. From intelligent media handling, to automated tasks, Media Composer takes the work out of your workflow.

Experience smooth, reliable editing and playback performance, no matter how large your source files are. Work with all the beautiful, high-resolution image detail of the original media for better editing precision, without your workflow coming to a standstill. From capture to edit, finishing to output, Media Composer provides the high-efficiency media handling, ACES color space, and bit floating color pipeline you need to deliver HDR content predictably, with pristine accuracy. With the live timeline and unlimited playback streams, you can make changes to sequences during playback on the fly.

Media Composer automates time-consuming tasks in the background. Instead of waiting hours for transcoding, rendering, consolidating, and relinking media, you can just keep working. Even out distracting dialogue and vocal levels with a single knob plugin that detects and corrects audio level inconsistencies. Ideal for podcasters, videographers, vloggers, dialogue editors, and audio post engineers, it delivers natural results without compression, saving you time. Watch the video. Take the complexity out of color keying with a plugin that makes it easy to key out green or blue screens quickly.

Save time with presets, or use the sliders to fine-tune, with full control over the color range, sensitivity, spill, edge smoothness, and more. You can even create glows, shadows, and outlines around your subject. Add Foley effects in a scene to make movement sound natural and realistic. Get 50 high-quality, royalty-free production music tracks that can be used in any project.

Because the music comes with a worldwide license, you never have to worry about where your production may be watched or used. For new offers, please allow up to 7 business days for product to appear in your account. Experience the collaborative, efficient workflows top video professionals rely on. Share projects, edit remotely, and have more control over your production. The flexibility you need to accelerate and manage your workflow starts here.

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With the Distributed Processing option, included with Media Composer Enterprise , you can offload time-consuming rendering, transcoding, and exporting tasks to unused or idle networked computers, freeing up Media Composer workstations, and taking wasteful downtime out of the process. Media Composer is the only video editing solution that lets you tailor the interface for any role in your organization—from video editors, to assistants, loggers, or journalists.

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Plus, it’s included with Media Composer Enterprise at no additional charge! Capture, monitor, and output high-res media with powerful video interfaces that offer exceptional performance and versatility. Enable real-time media production with a bullet-proof storage platform offering powerful, predictable performance.

Get the performance, scalability, protection, and reliability top broadcasters rely on to accelerate production, enable up to contributors to work together, and adapt quickly to evolving production requirements. Get the same secure workflows trusted by an industry and accelerate your media workflow in real time with up to 24 collaborators. Park, preview, and retrieve inactive assets and projects with ease. This add-on service for Avid NEXIS provides a super-simple way to park projects in the cloud, as well as sync onsite workspaces for easy offsite backup.

Get extensive touch and tactile control to speed up audio recording, editing, and mixing tasks in Media Composer. Get the speed and visual feedback of Avid’s high-end consoles in a slimline surface. Avid S1 works together with the free Avid Control app on your tablet, providing 8 faders, plus Avid S6-style metering and processing views, to create great-sounding mixes fast. Get full transport controls, a jog wheel, and intelligent studio control in a portable, ergonomic surface. Working with the free Avid Control app, Avid Dock provides the quick access and tactile precision you need to navigate and control projects.

Mix projects with greater speed than using a mouse. The 8-fader Artist Mix provides precision control and fast access to a variety of software functions right from the surface. All in a compact footprint that fits perfectly between your keyboard and display.

Learn how to customize your workspaces for editing, coloring, effects, and audio layouts. Media Composer has an option for everyone, from students to high-level post-production teams and broadcasters. Compare versions. Create with powerful free video editing software. Get Started. Learn More. Graphics Maestro All Graphics. Contact Sales Shop. Overview Overview. Buy now.

With its ability to tackle up to audio tracks, Avid Pro Tools Studio is tailor-made for music production. You also get aux tracks, instrument tracks, and 1, MIDI tracks. Pro Tools Studio supports one video track for small-scale video productions. You also get routing folders and support for 64 channels of native I/O. The latest dot release for Capture One 12, that would be Capture One , supports a wider range of cameras than Capture One , for instance, or any previous dot releases for this version, but using Fujifilm X-T4 with it would still not be possible. I’ve got a C1 Pro perpetual license build and I am trying to connect my Nikon. The number of workstations you can activate Capture One on with a perpetual license. Capture One Pro (single-user) The license key for Capture One 21 – 2 activations – this number of activations is applied for new users who made purchases after November 17, ; current users will keep the same number of activations after upgrading their licenses.

By playing the role of Justin Trudeau’s protector, Capture one pro 12 perpetual license free is eviscerating his own party. The province’s health care shortcomings now dominate the news. Yet, the PCs had nothing new to offer, beyond moves it has already made or promised.

We need to establish a national values program that inspires our students by teaching them the core values and principles that define Canada. Find the best places within Ottawa. From local businesses to food to medical to legal services. If it is impossible to render one’s country impervious to the ambitions of bullies, perhaps one has to читать статью the cost of any aggression to an unacceptable level.

Recorded June 9, National Post readers discuss the performance of Canada’s foreign affairs minister, and other issues of the day. Dear Diary: ‘You parasite! Just because I said some words, suddenly you can take my money? The rules of capture one pro 12 perpetual license free competitiveness keep changing. If the last few years were tough, the future looks even more confusing. Is Canada up to the challenges? The apparent answer is disquieting. The first plausible sign of a more adult direction in public policy leadership for some years is coming from Poilievre.

The battle over Scottish independence continues to be underexamined in the Canadian press, despite the many factors that ought to make the subject one of compelling interest here. The events of this summer offer a spectacle that rhymes closely with Canadian constitutional history.

The government, like the prime minister, always thinks that more of itself is what Indigenous Canadians need. Assuming that transgender health care must exist in some form, we should strive to make it as effective and responsible as possible. Unfortunately, the kind of care provided in recent years has often been irresponsible. The likely Conservative leadership winner should ignore pleas to move to capture one pro 12 perpetual license free centre. Foreign affairs is too important a cabinet position to be handled so carelessly.

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By continuing to use our site, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Search nationalpost. Advertisement 1.

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The Telegraph 2 days ago NP Comment. Recorded June 9, Comments. Postmedia News 2 days ago NP Comment. Letters 2 days ago NP Comment. Joseph Brean 4 days ago NP Comment. Advertisement 4. Barbara Kay: Tavistock closure highlights harms caused by radical gender theorists When will Canada catch on? Barbara Kay 4 days ago NP Comment. Ken Coates: Canada is a country without a centre, without a purpose The rules of national competitiveness keep changing.

Conrad Black: Pierre Poilievre the man to raise Canada out of its infantile stupor The first plausible sign of a more adult direction in public policy leadership for some years is coming from Poilievre Comments. Conrad Black 4 days ago NP Comment. Colby Cosh: Scottish nationalists turn to constitutional backdoor for independence The battle over Scottish independence continues to be underexamined in the Canadian press, despite the many factors that ought to make the subject one of compelling interest here.

Colby Cosh 4 days ago NP Comment. Advertisement 5. Http://replace.me/19195.txt J. Father Raymond J. Adam Zivo: Capture one pro 12 perpetual license free. Unfortunately, the kind of care provided in recent years has often been irresponsible 27 Comments. Adam Zivo 4 capture one pro 12 perpetual license free ago NP Comment. Harry Rakowski: Monkeypox is more worrying thanks adobe premiere pro cc 2019 gpu acceleration free a crumbling health-care system We have done too little too late to greatly dampen spread 41 Comments.

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Abraham Lincoln.Capture one pro 12 perpetual license free

Capture One has announced Oen One 22 The new update is available licenes and includes many new features and improved performance. In March, Capture One shared its roadmap forand promised improvements to its software’s efficiency, flexibility and mobility.

Some of these promises are fulfilled in version It’s always rewarding to see the marks of progress, but I’d be remiss not to mention it’s also an exciting time. With wireless tethering on Sony, Capture One 22 When tethered with Canon cameras, you can control where to save your images. Capture one pro 12 perpetual license free can save to card, computer or both. The new Magic Eraser offers similar functionality as the Magic Brush.

You can use it perpstual remove parts of masks on similar areas, including sky and skin. You can link the Magic Eraser to the Magic Brush if needed. The redesigned Capture one pro 12 perpetual license free Panel is ‘easier and more predictable,’ including bigger icons, licesne which can be turned offrearranged tools, and customization options.

Cloud Transfer allows you to import into Capture One Pro images that are on the cloud on the iPad app, which is not yet available. The iPad app will be available on June For additional information, visit Capture One. I had an embarrassing photoshoot yesterday. I was doing a headshot session using C1 Pro with Everything going smoothly until about the 10th shot when suddenly my tethered photos began looking like cartoons.

Faces were elongated and stretched. Bodies were twisted. Panic set in. Tried everything I could think of. Then checked my SD cards and thank you the images were there and accurate. Never dapture anything like it licsnse. On several C1 forums, a number of people myself included have reported pfo C1 doesn’t work after the upgrade.

It complains about an “unknown error” in the database when opening a catalog or session and will not run. The C1 application. This left my C1 inoperable and I had to find a copy of If you install I’ve found these extremely helpful and there are some C1 gurus on this site like Paul Steunebrink посетить страницу seem to know practically everything about C1.

I couldn’t find a way to disable saving to the camera memory card and only save to the computer, in order to speed up the capture one pro 12 perpetual license free. I think im sticking with my current version for the foreseeable.

It does everything i need it to. Man, it’s just been disappointment after disappointment with Capture Cree. Why do they always oerpetual to do something completely random? These new icons just appear нажмите для деталей out of place, and even the ‘small’ icon mode needlessly results in an overflow menu. An overflow menu for tabs! Shouldn’t they have learned by now that you don’t just change capture one pro 12 perpetual license free interface or dumb it down without a way to go back.

Also the video shows the Cloud Transfer is just that and nothing more. It’s basically a manual backup ftee import. It doesn’t even synchronize. Settings are copied over once, but change one thing and don’t bother switching devices again because you’ll have to start over.

So what is a cloud-attached app even good for, isn’t that exactly the thing cree supposed to do. Select a folder to sync and it should just sync. No copying or importing. That’s the expected service.

Send them a feedback or participate in their forum, if enough people raise their voice they hopefully change it back or improve. Darn this Magic Brush is amazing!! Obviously depends on what you are по этому адресу it for, but I used ffree create a mask layer using жмите brush and shift key to capture one pro 12 perpetual license free a rectangular object and fill it in.

This magic key does it so quick. Saves me so much time! Now I don’t need to move a slider to see the RGB readout. Magic eraser is a great addition too. Capture one pro 12 perpetual license free used to invert mask, use magic brush over the area capture one pro 12 perpetual license free erase and licenes invert mask again.

Each time I did this, I used livense wonder why they couldn’t just make a Magic eraser! Ergo Adjusting the rotation through the slider was licebse laggy on Mac without a powerful CPU incl. Made it very painful to fine tune the rotation. I see they’ve now enabled hardware acceleration for rotation, which makes it a lot smoother.

I been using a magic brush before, guess magic erase is just the opposite, the ai erase. Otherwise, it was manual erase before. Just downloaded and the biggest perpetua is the icon rearranged a little. I think the magic brush was a bigger deal and was capture one pro 12 perpetual license free before, not sure what version.

Upgraded my Fuji Express on Windows It couldn’t find my catalogue and I had to create a new one just to get it to load completely. Now it crashes to the fault report for no apparent reason. To the right of the arrow for extending the tools for instance is a three vertical dot symbol, if I click on that it just crashes completely.

I have reported this, waiting for response. Darn, I shouldn’t have updated. The new tools tab is a productivity killer. Way too big icons, not enough space for the tool tabs. Now I always need to use a menu to access fres most used tools. There’s space for 4 tabs I lost 3, over onne whole day of working the loss of focus easily kills up to an hour of productivity over a whole working day within the program. No idea why this is done, the old icons were fee fine. They have been changed to match the iPad icons, but can be capture one pro 12 perpetual license free back to the old icons, if cwpture want to.

It was explained and shown in the C1 video introducing the changes. Thanks but no, you can’t change it back, you can only remove the text then they are smaller but still lager than the old ones and they are horrible to caputre. I feared that was the reason, matching touch and screen interface always ends bad for one of the two.

Fair enough, I didn’t listen нажмите для продолжения this properly, but you can still load the previous icons by using the C1 provided legacy workspace option. Unfortunately that works neither. It just installs the tool http://replace.me/27372.txt and tools according to how the user has customised them.

The new icons will be used and since CaptureOne removed some Tool Tab types you end up with non functioning placeholders читать the old tool tabs were. Of course I can do that but then Prepetual lose screen space, посетить страницу источник picture I work on gets smaller. While this might be less of an issue on a 30″ Screen it is a huge one on a Notebook, and the widely used 24″ Full HD Graphic Screens that are still the backbone of the industry.

In understand. OK, I haven’t installed it yet, so just going on the release notes and pepretual video. Most people seem to eprpetual pleased with the change, but why not raise it as a suggestion with support. They have rolled http://replace.me/11405.txt changes in the past. They should add 10bit HEIF support before starting on working on any new fancy features, cameras supporting the HEIF format capture one pro 12 perpetual license free now available for more than 2 years, if you audirvana tidal trial free iPhones even longer 8bit though afaik.

I cannot find one. I assume you’re referring to the RF Now I am still waiting for the RF 16mm profile, it’s such a nice little lens but it urgently needs some distortion correction I’m a onr of the updated interface; I wish they’d make the icons smaller again, capture one pro 12 perpetual license free I like having the color tools in the same panel as the rest.

Yeah I figured that might have been possible, but it was such a minor thing that Pdo never bothered even looking into it. Have been using the Express version for 1.

I really hate LR and cannot really use it anymore. I have used C1 Express for 1. I perpetua a montly sub for LR, used it for a while. C1 generates previews much faster after importing couple thousand images, and even after preview generation, LR still loads the images much slower compared to C1.

The Rough Cut Podcast features in-depth interviews with the top film, television and documentary post production professionals working in the industry today. Listen to editors talk about their craft, their latest projects and collaborating with their team. Hosted by MattFeury of Avid Technology. From first cut to final finishing, get the tools every video editor needs to create compelling stories faster.

The majority of all films and TV shows are edited on Media Composer. From fluid timeline editing, to the precision toolset, you can navigate and cut sequences more intuitively and tell better stories. Work the way you want to work, with a modern interface that makes editing easier and more fluid. Task-oriented workspaces—Edit, Color, Audio, and Effects—provide just the tools you need. You can even resize, rearrange, and hide panels. Show every angle of your story with ease with the Emmy Award-winning multicamera editing toolset.

Sync up to 64 different angles automatically—even with different formats and frames—so you can immediately edit and align shots as needed. Add dramatic flair to your stories with built-in VFX, filters, and titles. Take your creative vision further with more video plugins and advanced tools to create composites, motion effects, transitions, graphics, and animation.

Whether you do all color correction, grading, and audio mixing in Media Composer, or roundtrip out to other applications, you can be confident that your work will accurately hit every delivery specification. Media Composer future-proofs your content with its bit floating point color pipeline and ACES color support, ensuring consistent color accuracy from end to end.

Tell stories that showcase true-to-life image quality with effortless HDR workflows. Import, edit, color grade, and deliver incredibly realistic imagery with exceptional detail in the shadows and highlights. Make your story sound as good as it looks with a suite of audio tools and plugins. Create up to 64 tracks of dialogue, music, and sound effects in 7. Or send all tracks and effects to Pro Tools for audio post—without having to transcode sequences first.

The next-generation Avid Media Engine gives you more power and speed, so you can stay focused on what matters most—your story. From intelligent media handling, to automated tasks, Media Composer takes the work out of your workflow.

From capture to edit, finishing to output, Media Composer provides the high-efficiency media handling, ACES color space, and bit floating color pipeline you need to deliver HDR content predictably, with pristine accuracy. With the live timeline and unlimited playback streams, you can make changes to sequences during playback on the fly. Media Composer automates time-consuming tasks in the background. Instead of waiting hours for transcoding, rendering, consolidating, and relinking media, you can just keep working.

Even out distracting dialogue and vocal levels with a single knob plugin that detects and corrects audio level inconsistencies. Ideal for podcasters, videographers, vloggers, dialogue editors, and audio post engineers, it delivers natural results without compression, saving you time. Watch the video.

Take the complexity out of color keying with a plugin that makes it easy to key out green or blue screens quickly. Save time with presets, or use the sliders to fine-tune, with full control over the color range, sensitivity, spill, edge smoothness, and more. You can even create glows, shadows, and outlines around your subject.

Add Foley effects in a scene to make movement sound natural and realistic. Get 50 high-quality, royalty-free production music tracks that can be used in any project. Because the music comes with a worldwide license, you never have to worry about where your production may be watched or used.

The flexibility you need to accelerate and manage your workflow starts here. Add Avid NEXIS shared storage to your workflow and multiple video editors and assistants can work on the same projects at once. No more accidentally overwriting work or needing to duplicate and micromanage media. Extend production beyond the walls of your facility. Or deploy a full virtual production suite in the cloud with Edit On Demand.

As projects move from offline to online—and from in-house to external teams and back again—the standardized ACES color space ensures that all high-res and HDR projects will maintain full image quality and color accuracy from end to end, across all color and VFX work. With the Distributed Processing option, included with Media Composer Enterprise , you can offload time-consuming rendering, transcoding, and exporting tasks to unused or idle networked computers, freeing up Media Composer workstations, and taking wasteful downtime out of the process.

Boost your Media Composer capabilities with advanced tools for color and news workflows. Gain advanced capabilities and save hours of time with these Media Composer options included with Media Composer Ultimate. With PhraseFind , you can quickly find clips in a project that contain specific dialogue. Simply type keywords to locate all clips that contain the speech in multiple languages—ideal for unscripted shows. Compare performances and find the best takes fast. ScriptSync automatically syncs clips to their associated script lines, so you can quickly find takes by scene, script page, or dialogue.

With Symphony , you can stylize shots and correct color with ultra-precision, then deliver content easily with IMF packaging. Plus, universal mastering makes it easy to take your offline online. Get the speed you need to stay ahead of the story. Enable editors to work from anywhere without changing their workflow and extend collaboration to assistants, showrunners, producers, and other creative contributors. Plus, it’s included with Media Composer Enterprise at no additional charge! Capture, monitor, and output high-res media with powerful video interfaces that offer exceptional performance and versatility.

Get full transport controls, a jog wheel, and intelligent studio control in a portable, ergonomic surface. Working with the free Avid Control app, Avid Dock provides the quick access and tactile precision you need to navigate and control projects. Mix projects with greater speed than using a mouse. The National Human Rights Commission consolidated reports that the police used violent methods without prior warning, including beatings and damaging private property, to disperse protesters in Chennai.

There were widespread social media reports of police setting vehicles on fire. Islamic extremists in Indonesia have been targeted by police as terrorists in the country. In many cases, they are either captured or killed. There are cases of police corruption involving hidden bank accounts and retaliation against journalists investigating these claims; one example occurred in June when Indonesian magazine Tempo had journalist activists beaten by police.

Separately, on 31 August police officers in Central Sulawesi province fired into a crowd of people protesting the death of a local man in police custody; five people were killed and 34 injured. The police’s history of violence goes back to the military-backed Suharto regime — when Suharto seized power during an alleged coup and instituted an anti-Communist purge.

Criminal investigations into human rights violations by the police are rare, punishments are light, and Indonesia has no independent national body to deal effectively with public complaints.

Amnesty International has called on Indonesia to review police tactics during arrests and public order policing to ensure that they meet international standards.

During the Bersih protests, Malaysian police attacked protesters and killed one. Malaysian police also cane prisoners for several offences, including theft, drug dealing and molestation. The discussions of police brutality in the Philippines were revived on 21 December when a civilian police officer Jonel Nuezca shot his two unarmed neighbors following an argument over an improvised noise maker known locally as boga set up by the victim a day earlier.

In Singapore, people cannot protest. Police have also caned people for vandalism and other offences. The Gulf Cooperation Council GCC member states have seen many cases of brutality, with some even involving senior figures. He often recorded some of the abuse.

Issa was eventually arrested but a court found him not guilty and released him. Authorities in Saudi Arabia have also been filmed lashing civilians for different reasons.

Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi-American activist and his death inside a Saudi Embassy drew widespread criticism. In October , he went into the Embassy in Turkey.

On that same day, a group of Saudi authorities entered the country and intercepted him at the Embassy and killed him soon after. They disposed of his body and then returned to Saudi Arabia. In Bahrain, police and military personnel manhandled and shot dead many Arab Spring protesters. During the Gulf war, the Iraqis pillaged Kuwait and killed or tortured many people. A number of men and women were also raped.

At the end of the war, some troops deliberately set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields. Before that, Saddam Hussein used the police to arrest any one who opposed him.

Iranian authorities routinely harass women if they are not wearing a hijab or if they show too much skin. The authorities have also harassed minorities, especially Bahai people. Pakistan’s law enforcement is divided into multiple tiers, including forces under provincial and federal government control. The law strictly prohibits any physical abuse of suspected or convicted criminals; however, due to deficiencies during the training process, there have been reported instances of suspected police brutality.

Reported cases are often investigated by police authorities as well as civil courts leading to mixed outcomes. A recent case includes the purported extra judicial killing of a man named Naqeebullah by an ex-officer named “Rao Anwar”. Taking notice of the matter, the Supreme Court issued arrest and detention warrants in the case to arrest the accused.

As a result of the police trying to stop the rally, people were injured. During the Hong Kong protests , there were numerous instances of police brutality. Seven police officers were caught on video kicking and beating a prominent political activist who was already handcuffed. Pictures on local TV and social media show demonstrators being dragged behind police lines, circled by police officers so that onlookers’ views were blocked, and in some cases, re-emerging with visible injuries.

Cases that have caused outrage include the police’s mauling and intentional head-shooting of protesters by rubber bullets [47] [48] [49] and rapid tear-gassing of a surrounded crowd.

Many Hong Kong citizens accuse the police of attempting to murder protesters to deter the people from exercising their freedom of expression. Amnesty International released a report on 21 June denouncing the role of the Hong Kong police in the 12 June protest that ended up in bloodshed. Several street conflicts continued in Hong Kong throughout July Instances of police striking journalists with batons to obstruct their live reporting have been filmed. On the night of 31 August , more than riot police officers entered the Prince Edward MTR station and attacked suspects in a train compartment on the Tsuen Wan line with batons and pepper spray.

Many suspects sustained head injuries. Politically motivated riots and protests have occurred historically in China, notably with the Tiananmen Square protests of Chinese protesters have been able to systematize powerful group mobilizations with the use of social media and informal mass communication like Twitter and its Chinese counterparts Weibo.

Protests on 20 February [ year needed ] used a website to urge participants not to shout more anti-government slogans, but to go outside for a quiet walk in the places where they had been deciding to continue the protest. After a brutal police response, the authorities installed corrugated metal fences outside the restaurant and the home of dissident and Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo. This presence interrupted the orderly operation of the shops. In , Thai police, military personnel and others, were seen shooting at protesters at Thammasat University.

Many were killed and many survivors were abused. Turkey has a history of police brutality, including the use of torture particularly between and Police brutality featured excessive use of tear gas including targeting protesters with tear gas canisters , [66] pepper spray, and water cannons.

Physical violence against protesters has been observed, for example, in the suppression of Kurdish protests and May Day demonstrations.

The protests in Turkey were in response to the brutal police suppression of an environmentalist sit-in protesting the removal of Taksim Gezi Park. The European Court of Human Rights has noted the failure of the Turkish investigating authorities to carry out effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement personnel during demonstrations. In , the General Directorate of Security issued a circular banning all audio-visual recordings of law enforcement officers at protests.

In Vienna, there is an association made between Vienna’s drug problem and the city’s African migrants, which have led to African migrants being racially profiled. There have been several highly publicized incidents in Austria where police have either tortured, publicly humiliated, or violently beaten people—in some cases, to the point of death.

While the most notorious of these incidents occurred in the late s, incidents as recent as are being investigated by the Vienna Police Department for Special Investigations.

There has been a notable lack of commitment to addressing the violation of civilians’ rights in Austria, with Amnesty International reporting that in — very few people who violated human rights were brought to justice. This was worsened by the fact that many people who made a complaint against police were brought up on counter-charges such as resisting arrest, defamation, and assault.

From to , accusations of police misconduct were made against officers in Vienna with none being charged, though 1, people were charged with “civil disorder” in a similar time period. The culture of excusing police officers for their misconduct has continued into the present day, and any complaints of mistreatment are often met with inadequate investigations and judicial proceedings. Austria has legislation that criminalizes hate speech against anyone’s race, religion, nationality, or ethnicity.

Austria has several NGOs that are trying to implement broad programs that encourage positive cross-cultural relations and more targeted programs such as racial sensitivity training for police. The Austrian police are formulating their policies to prevent police brutality and to make prosecuting police misconduct fairer.

However, it appears that incidents of police brutality are still occurring. One suggestion was to disband the Bereitschaftspolizei , Vienna’s riot police, as they have frequently been involved with human rights violations and situations of police brutality. Such a plan was required by the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The police in Belarus clamp down on dissidents, often violently.

In May , authorities stopped Ryanair Flight in Belarusian airspace. A Belarusian journalist and activist, Roman Protasevich was taken off the plane and detained by authorities. Belgian law enforcement changed to two police forces operating on a federal and local level in after a three-tier police system. While the two services remain independent, they integrate common training programs and recruitment. The change was prompted by a national parliamentary report into a series of pedophile murders which proved police negligence and severely diminished public confidence.

Currently, approximately 33, local police and civilians work across regional police forces. An extreme instance in January led to the death of Jonathan Jacob in Mortsel.

He was apprehended by local Mortsel police for behaving strangely under the influence of amphetamines. The footage depicted eight officers from Antwerp police’s Special Intervention Unit restraining and beating Jacob after he had been injected with a sedative sparked public outrage. Jacob died from internal bleeding following the incident, but police claimed they did not make any mistakes and “acted carefully, respecting the necessary precautions”.

In , the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights ECtHR convicted Belgium of human rights violations in an appeal on the treatment of two brothers in custody who had been slapped by an officer. The Grand Chamber voiced its concern that “a slap inflicted by a law-enforcement officer on an individual who is entirely under his control constitutes a serious attack on the individual’s dignity”.

Several other instances of police violence can be noted in Belgium. In , Mawda, a four-year-old child was killed in an encounter with a truck used to carry migrants across the border.

A police officer shot on the moving car, despite knowing a child was in it. In , Lamine Bangoura was killed in his own apartment by eight policemen because he had not paid rent. In the attempt to evict him out of his flat, the policemen used unwarranted brutality which resulted in Lamine’s death.

In , Ibrahima was arrested. He was filming a police control. The authorities however, said he was arrested for not respecting the curfew, which starts at 10pm, even though his arrest happened at 6pm.

A majority of complaints stem from general misconduct, such as traffic violations and unprofessional behaviour e. However, the Annual Report identifies some instances where the Police of Denmark used excessive force. Although examples of police brutality are not common, highly publicised incidents have been reported. To ensure that police are well-trained and to mitigate the risk of police brutality, police recruits undergo approximately three years of training; at the National Police College, recruits learn about police theory, the Road Traffic Act, criminal law, physical training, other legislation, first aid, radio communication, securing evidence, identifying drugs, preventing crime, management, human rights, and cultural sociology to name a few.

By comparison, US police academies provide an average of 19 weeks of classroom instruction. To keep police officers accountable and to ensure that they perform their duties in compliance with Danish, European and international laws, the Independent Police Complaints Authority has the power to handle criminal investigations against police officers and determine complaints of police misconduct. For example, police. Any assessment of the justification of such force must also take into account whether the use of force involves any risk of bodily harm to third parties.

Therefore, police in Denmark are held to high standards and will face consequences if they breach their obligations to encourage compliance. Victims of police misconduct are encouraged to lodge a report with the Authority. The Estonian Police force was temporarily dissolved in when Estonia lost its independence to the Soviet Union after it was occupied, before the Police Act passed in dissolved the Soviet militsiya and re-established it.

One Russian rioter was killed and other protesters were arrested. Due to the overcrowded detention centres, many of the detainees were taken to cargo terminals in Tallinn’s seaport. Then-chairman of the Constitution Party Andrei Zarenkov stated “people were forced to squat for hours or lie on the concrete floor with their hands tied behind their backs.

The police used plastic handcuffs which caused great pain. The police selectively beat the detainees including women and teenagers.

We have pictures of a toilet which is stained with the blood of the injured”. The police department denied all claims made against them. On 22 May , the Office of Prosecutor General of Estonia [] received more than fifty complaints on the police brutality that occurred during Bronze Night and opened seven criminal cases against them. In November , the United Nations Committee Against Torture expressed concerns over the use of excessive force and brutality by law enforcement personnel in regards to Bronze Night.

It was later discovered that the accused were only allowed outside contact and lawyer assistance when brought before a judge. Several detainees were denied access to a doctor while in police custody despite displaying visible injuries. The policing structure of the nineteenth century France has been linked to the outcomes of France’s reorganisation during the French Revolution.

France’s police ombudsman is currently dealing with 48 judicial inquiries into police brutality against its citizens, in which 1, individuals have been arrested within three months. Grey areas around police accountability have come to light, including questions over how his body was covered in bruises and whether or not carotid restraint which involves constricting the carotid arteries was used against him. Recent protests over disputed labor laws have revealed the extreme nature of police brutality in France, as many videos have surfaced in the media depicting police using disproportionate force on protesters.

French officials have forced these aggressive videos to be destroyed. A group known as the Stolen Lives Collective formed in response to the increased number of cases of police brutality in French communities.

The group strongly demands the government to act against police brutality and to reduce racism present across the police force in France. On 14 December , Amnesty International reported police brutality during the yellow vests movement. Participation in the weekly protests diminished due to violence, particularly due to the loss of eyes and hands, and the development of neurological disorders caused by police blast balls. Historically, police brutality was commonplace during the s and s following the Finnish Civil War.

The protests still occur to this day for protesters to commemorate the uprising. The protests are still commonly affected by police brutality around the time of the event. The level and severity of police brutality in Greece over the last few years have been profound. Due to the recent financial crisis, many austerity measures have been enforced, resulting in many individuals and families struggling to survive.

Greek citizens opposed these austerity measures from the beginning and showed their disapproval with strikes and demonstrations. In response, police brutality has significantly increased, with consistent reports on the use of tear gas, severe injuries inflicted by the police force, and unjustified detention of protesters. In Greek police allegedly tortured four young men believed to be bank robbery suspects following their arrest. It was claimed that the men were hooked and severely beaten in detention.

The media published photos of the men, all with severe bruising, though the police’s press release showed digitally manipulated photos of the four without injuries. The Greek minister of citizen protection— Nikos Dendias —supported the police and claimed that they needed to use Photoshop to ensure the suspects were recognisable.

Amnesty International urges Greece to effectively and promptly investigate these crimes against civilians, which violate human rights, and hold perpetrators accountable.

There have been instances where protesters were used as human shields — a photo of a female protester in handcuffs ahead of policeman as people threw rocks at the police has gained considerable media attention. None of the cases of police brutality above resulted in any prosecution of police force members. One case that sparked nationwide riots was the death of year-old Alexis Grigoropoulos, who was shot dead by a police officer in December during demonstrations in Athens, sparkling large riots against police brutality.

Unlike other cases, the police officer responsible was convicted of murder. The police force in Hungary consists of the National Bureau of Investigation and the Operational Police, who respectively deal with investigating severe crimes and riot suppression. Police threw gas grenades and used rubber bullets to shoot protesters. Protesters and non-violent civilians passing by were targeted, tackled, and injured by the police.

The requirements to become a police officer in Hungary are to graduate from high school, pass a matriculation exam, and complete two years in the police academy.

Beatings and violence are commonly used during demonstrations, and several murders have been carried out. The following incidents caused concern in the country:. Latvia became an independent republic in and attempted to develop an effective and accepted police force, moving away from the untrusted Russian Tsarist administration. Despite positive post-independence aims to reform the police system and to maintain public order and security, the Latvian police were underfunded and under-resourced.

More significantly, the approach of community policing was replaced with a militarised authority based on Marxist ideologies. During this time, an imbalance existed between police actions and citizens’ rights. Despite the lack of statistics, it is clear that police brutality was a major issue, as ustrated by the case where the former nominal head of the militsiya in practice – the secret police of the KGB of the Latvian SSR Alfons Noviks was sentenced to life imprisonment in this time period for genocide against the Latvian people.

In , the independence of the state of Latvia was restored, which saw another change in the police system with the implementation of the Law on Police on 5 June. This restructured the police into State, Security, and Local Government levels. The Law on Police reiterated ethical requirements, where police officers were prohibited from performing or supporting acts relating to “torture or other cruel, inhuman or demeaning treatment or punishment”. However, despite these reforms, issues regarding police brutality arose among the Russian population living in Latvia; in , police forces were accused of dispersing a rally of predominately Russian pensioners through the use of excessive force and brutality.

Reports from Latvian prisons illustrate cases where police batons were used to inflict serious harm to inmates, including causing broken ribs, which often were not medically assessed for up to two days. This identifies fundamental flaws in the Latvian police authorities. While the CPT gives appropriate authorities recommendations for improvements such as a review board for ill-treatment, they found that in , Latvian authorities did not enact any of their recommendations.

This was alleged to occur mostly while being apprehended or at the police station including during questioning. Despite the flaws within the Latvian Police system, CPT has found that the number of allegations for poor treatment is decreasing over the years. The Latvian Police force operates under the Professional Ethics and Conduct Code of the State Police Personnel, which states “a police officer shall use force, special facilities or weapon only in the cases stipulated by due course of law and to attain a legal aim.

The Grand Ducal Police is the primary law enforcement agency in Luxembourg and has been operating since 1 January , when the Grand Ducal Gendarmerie previous Luxembourg military merged with the police force. Police brutality is not perceived to be a serious threat to society in Luxembourg. The European Union’s Anti-Corruption report placed Luxembourg, along with Denmark and Finland, as having the lowest incidents of reported police brutality within the European Union. Laws in Luxembourg specifically distinguish between coercion and force in the Act on Regulating the Use of Force.

The police inspector the term used for a common officer must undergo legal and tactical training lasting an intensive 26 months followed by further training at an allocated police station. Although police brutality is almost nonexistent in Luxembourg, there are effective procedures in place for the investigation and punishment of any potential misconduct by the Grand Ducal Police. Malta’s Police Force MPF is one of the oldest in Europe, with the Maltese government taking over the force in following the grant of self-governance.

There are approximately 1, members in the Force. Under the Police Act of , Part V deals with the use of force, where”police officers may use such moderate and proportionate force as may be necessary [ Malta is expected to abide by the European Code of Ethics as a member of the European Union , where “the police may use force only when strictly necessary and only to the extent required to obtain a legitimate objective. Similarly, the Council of Europe of which Malta is a member follows the five principles developed by the European Court of Human Rights , where definition 16 states that police officers “may use reasonable force when lawfully exercising powers”.

In , Lawrence Gonzi The Minister for Justice and Home Affairs called upon Martin Scicluna, a former civil servant and currently an expert on security issues at the Prime Minister’s Office, to conduct an independent inquiry into 24 March police brutality incident. The inquiry required the investigation of “allegations of beatings carried out on detainees at Safi Detention Centre by members of the Detention Service on 24 March and to make any recommendations necessary in the light of [his] findings”.

An inquiry was consequently conducted in and following riots, resulting in criminal proceedings against the law enforcement officials responsible. They called upon Maltese authorities to conduct a rapid investigation emphasising the need to forbid violence against migrants and refugees, whether by state parties or by individuals. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , concerning the conditions of migrants in detention, recommended that the “State party take appropriate measures to improve detention conditions and refrain from resorting to excessive use of force to counter riots by immigrants in detention centers, and also to avoid such riot”.

The Malta Police Force issued a statement detailing what had happened, in which it claimed that Mr. Calleja acted aggressively, refused to take a breathalyser test, ignored police orders, and used foul language. He was subsequently arrested and taken to a police squad car, but according to the police statement, he kicked the driver, tried to escape and banged his head repeatedly against the car window.

The police added that he even spit blood at police officers and bit a constable’s arm, tearing off part of his skin. When asked to state his client’s plea, Dr.

Abela declared “absolutely not guilty,” before accusing the police of grossly distorting the truth. Calleja’s nose was bandaged, and Dr. Abela presented a medical certificate showing that it had been broken as evidence. The lawyer also presented his client’s blood-stained clothes — prosecuting inspector Jason Sultana originally objected, but relented after Dr.

He was cleared of the charges. In the ensuing verbal exchange the officer, Defence lawyer Rachel Tua said, made offensive remarks about the accused’s father. Robertson was then allegedly thrown to the ground by the officer, who slammed the man’s head on the ground, the lawyer said, also claiming that the accused had his injured arm cruelly twisted while he was being handcuffed. She denied the prosecution’s assertion that Robertson had assaulted police, adding that his friends had witnessed the incident and would be summoned to testify.

Tua told magistrate Vella that the police refused to allow Robertson to speak to her during his arrest, instead of holding him overnight and taking a statement the next morning — with the police officer who allegedly delivered the beating present in the interrogation room.

The police force of the Netherlands is divided into 25 regional forces and one central force. A Regional Police Board, made up of local mayors and the chief public prosecutor, heads each regional force, with a chief officer placed in charge of police operations. Police accountability procedures include mandatory reporting of any on-duty incident that requires the use of force.

The Rijksrecherche is the national agency responsible for the investigation of serious breaches of police conduct resulting in death or injury. In the Rijksrecherche conducted 67 inquiries related to police officers, 21 of which were related to shootings. While Dutch society has a history of support for liberal values, it has been subject to practicing racial profiling and increased levels of police violence towards racial minorities.

Van der Leun writes that suspicion and mistrust of some racial groups is evident and perpetuated by police attitudes at all levels of command. A notable case in racial profiling and the use of police force occurred in June with the death of Aruban man Mitch Henriquez. Henriquez died of asphyxiation while in police custody after being suspected of carrying a firearm and being arrested at a music festival in The Hague. The first anniversary of his death in June provided a catalyst for protests against police brutality in The Hague, an area with a significant proportion of residents of non-European background.

It is argued that Poland’s transition has resulted in a more transparent system, reducing levels of police brutality. Although there is a more open police force within Poland, many organizations still have issues against police brutality. The United States Department of State report on Poland raised several concerns of police brutality; [] The report cited a case of police officers using violence to acquire a confession for armed robbery in , [] though it also noted that these police officers were eventually indicted for police brutality.

In recent years one of the main sources of controversy concerning Polish police brutality has been the use of rubber bullets to disperse uncooperative crowds at sporting events. In , major riots occurred when a young basketball fan was killed by the police. In , a man was killed and a woman injured in a riot when Polish police accidentally shot live ammunition instead of rubber bullets into the crowd after an association football game.

Although rubber bullets were used, one man was hit in the neck and later died at the hospital. The Polish police also have a history of police brutality within the Roma community. One particular case of police brutality against the Romani people occurred in when the police took four Roma men to a field and beat them. Portugal is ranked the fourth most heavily policed country in the world. This is restrictive on multiple counts; for example, police are not permitted to use their firearms when an offender is running away.

Portuguese police have adopted an aggressive position in combating football hooliganism. Despite their means being considered disproportionate, the police view the heavy-handed nature of their tactics as a necessary and successful approach towards protecting the community and maintaining social order. In , a viral video showed a Benfica fan being heavily beaten in front of his two children outside a football stadium.

The statement also defended policing the large crowds in the aftermath of the football match. Riot police had clashed with supporters the following day in Lisbon as fans celebrated Benfica’s title victory. The harsh approach was described as sufficient, justified, and necessary to prevent the social disorder from escalating.

In a similar incident in , another football club, Sporting Lisbon, complained about “barbaric” police assaults on their fans. There have been suggestions of institutionalised racism within the Portuguese police force, with activists claiming that discrimination is the deep-rooted cause of police brutality in Portugal.

On the same day, two human rights workers and five youth entered the Alfragide police station requesting information on Lopes’ situation. Upon arrival, the group was allegedly attacked by police officers shouting racist slurs. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECRI has raised concerns about police mistreatment of minorities in Portugal in all of its reports on the country. Portuguese people of Roma descent have also been victims of police harassment and brutality in the country.

There are several examples publicized by the media: one case from involved a Roma man and his son. The two walked to the Nelas police station in Porto to get some information, but the police allegedly ended up abusing them. Two officers were convicted in for physically assaulting the father. Some of the people living in the camp, including children and women, were reportedly attacked by GNR officers.

Then-president Dmitry Medvedev initiated reforms of the police force in an attempt to minimize the violence by firing the Moscow police chief and centralising police powers.

In , Russia’s top investigative agency investigated charges that four police officers had tortured detainees under custody. Human rights activists claim that Russian police use torture techniques to extract false confessions from detainees. Police regulations require officers to meet quotas for solving crimes, which encourages false arrests to meet their numbers. In the early days, when Russia was part of the Soviet Union, the secret police and authorities used to detain people and send certain people to the gulags.

Police brutality in Slovakia is systematic and widely documented, but is almost exclusively enacted on the Romani minority. The nation-state itself has particularly racist attitudes toward the Romani minority dating back to before the split of Czechoslovakia. It is widely known that the government practiced forced sterilisation of Romani women and the segregation of the Romani into walled-off settlements; [] these forms of discrimination have filtered down to the police force.

The victim, Karol Sendrei, was allegedly chained to a radiator and fatally beaten after being forcefully removed from his home. In response to this incident, the Minister for Internal Affairs attempted to establish new measures to prevent police brutality by including mandatory psychological testing for law enforcement and better training around the effective use of coercion.

However, police brutality toward the Roma minority remains a serious issue. Video footage shot by law enforcement officers in shows 6 Romani boys aged between being forced to strip naked, kiss, and slap each other.

It is alleged that the boys were then set upon by police dogs , with at least two sustaining serious injuries. Officers attempted to justify their behaviour because the boys were suspected of theft against an elderly citizen; however, cruel , inhuman, or degrading treatment by police, regardless of whether a crime has been suspected or committed, is prohibited under international law.

As the footage was the main piece of evidentiary support for the crime, without it a conviction could not be passed down. Human rights watchdog organisations have raised concerns around police selectivity in making recordings of raids after a raid in the settlement of Vrbica in ; the police claimed to have not thought the settlement would be problematic; this raid involved 15 men being seriously injured.

Minority groups in Slovenia, particularly the Roma and any residents from the former Yugoslav Republic face discrimination and sometimes brutality by Slovenian police. Their rights have not been fully restored yet. The police have been known to occasionally use excessive force against detainees in prisons, as well as foreigners and other minority groups, though no police officer has ever been arrested or charged. The worst case of police brutality was the November protests; political dissatisfaction spurred a series of protests in Maribor, Slovenia.

For the most part, the protests were peaceful; [] the crowds chanted and behaved non-violently for about two hours on 26 November also known as, “the second Maribor uprising”. Slovenian media sources reported that the protest only turned violent after the police started using physical force. Since , Slovenian authorities have attempted to rectify this discrimination by introducing a two-day training programme on policing in a multi-ethnic community. Two notable demonstrations were the ones that occurred in Barcelona on 27 May , and in Madrid on 25 September Video footage published online showed the use of force by police against peaceful demonstrators on both occasions.

Images show officers using handheld batons to repeatedly hit peaceful demonstrators some of them in the face and neck , rubber bullets, pepper spray, and the injuries caused. Despite public outrage, the Spanish government did not make any attempt to reform policing and police mistreatment of the public; the opposite happened instead: in July , new reforms to the law on Public Security and the Criminal Code were enforced which limited the right to freedom of assembly and gave police officers the broad discretion to fine people who show a “lack of respect” towards them.

The UN Human Rights Commission has expressed concern at the impact this legislation could have on human rights and police accountability. Despite eyewitness testimony and medical reports confirming her injuries the Spanish Courts dismissed her claims on the grounds of insufficient evidence. They also condemned Spain for failing to investigate both Solomon’s assault and other racist and sexist acts of violence by police officers.

According to David Grobgeld of the Center for a Stateless Society , since the REVA Legally Certain and Efficient Enforcement project had been applied in Sweden in an attempt to deport illegal immigrants, it had exposed the brutal and illegal methods used by police. Officers have been shown to harass and racially profile non-white Swedes who often live in segregated suburbs.

The marginalised such as the poor, homeless, people of colour, users of illicit drugs, and the mentally ill are facing Sweden as a Police State. This has resulted in social disobedience with ordinary people in Sweden updating others on Twitter and Facebook on the whereabouts of police. In police shot a man in his own home in front of his wife in the town of Husby, a suburb of Stockholm.

The police alleged the man had been wielding a machete and threatening them with it. The Stockholm riots were set off after the Husby shooting, where more than cars were torched. When the police showed up they had stones thrown at them. People said the police called them “monkeys” and used batons against them in the clash.

The police picked him up and in the process of his arrest broke his arm and locked him in a cell for nearly six hours with no medical aid. Socially excluded groups have been targeted and the result of police investigations often means the police officers are not deemed to be at fault. According to Grobgeld, the common denominator for people on a special police list is being or married to a Romani person.

A register of Romani people is kept by police. The police claim that they are “following orders”, the “rule of law” and “democratic process”. The police ordered the local security guards to stop the child. One guard tackled him to the ground and sat on him. He then pushed the child’s face into the pavement hard and covered his mouth. The child can be heard screaming and gasping on the video that has gone viral on the internet.

Any excessive use of force by a police officer is unlawful and an officer could be prosecuted under criminal law. Despite an average reduction in deaths in custody since , a Public Confidence Survey revealed that public satisfaction following contact with the police was falling and that there was a greater willingness to file a complaint. However, young people and people from black or minority ethnic groups were much less likely to come forward with complaints. While instances of police brutality in the UK is comparatively less than its US counterpart, there are nonetheless high profile incidents that have received wide media coverage.

In May , year-old Julian Cole was arrested outside a nightclub in Bedford by six police officers. The altercation left Cole in a vegetative state due to a severed spinal cord. Expert evidence indicated that Cole was struck with considerable force on his neck whilst his head was pulled back.

On 20 February , Bedfordshire Police Constables Christopher Thomas and Christopher Pitts, chased Faruk Ali before allegedly knocking him over and punching him in the face outside his family home.

On 13 July , year-old Mzee Mohammed died in police custody after being detained by Merseyside police at a Liverpool shopping centre. Officers were called to the scene after Mzee was allegedly behaving aggressively and erratically while armed with a knife.

The public incidents in which police judgments or actions have been called into question raised concerns about police accountability and governance. On 16 March , people were arrested in Montreal at a protest against police brutality. In the United States, major political and social movements have involved excessive force by police, including the civil rights movement of the s, anti-war demonstrations, the War on Drugs , and the Global War on Terrorism.

In , the UN Committee against Torture condemned police brutality and excessive use of force by law enforcement in the US, and highlighted the “frequent and recurrent police shootings or fatal pursuits of unarmed black individuals”. Seven members of the United States Maryland military police were convicted for the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse incidents in Iraq. The United States has developed a notorious reputation for cases of police brutality. The United States has a far higher number of police killings compared to other Western countries.

It was found through Kaiser Family Foundation research that almost half of Black Americans believe they have been victimized by law enforcement. According to a study published in The Lancet , more than 30, people were killed by police in the United States between and Breonna Taylor was killed at the age of 26 when police forced entry into the apartment as part of an investigation into drug dealing operations.

Officers said that they announced themselves as police before forcing entry, but Walker said he did not hear any announcement, thought the officers were intruders, and fired a warning shot at them and hit Mattingly in the leg, and the officers fired 32 shots in return. Walker was unhurt but Taylor was hit by six bullets and died. On 23 September, a state grand jury found the shooting of Taylor justified but indicted officer Hankison on three counts of wanton endangerment for endangering Taylor’s neighbors with his shots.

In the video, it appears George Floyd screaming “You are going to kill me man! Floyd’s murder, captured on video, triggered protests against racial discrimination across the US and the world.

The police in Brazil have a history of violence against the lower classes. In the latter half of the twentieth century, the country was heavily urbanized, while over its last military dictatorship state governments became responsible for Brazilian police forces experiencing which became heavily militarized. The militarist approach to dealing with social issues led the country to its highest violence levels and in Brazil had more violent deaths than the Syrian Civil War , [] with most people fearing the police.

According to a witness, he lived in a place with a pool and a barbecue area, where he was with his cousins and friends when the police raid started. According to the survivors, the boys went to the covered area when they noticed that the police helicopter started to shoot.

This murder led people to protest in the streets and was the main argument for the ADPF [] petition, supported by Supreme Courts Minister Edson Fachin in August of the same year.

The Supreme Court also stated that in case of authorized operations in the pandemic, “Exceptional care should be taken, duly identified in writing by the competent authority, so as not to put in risk population’ provision of public health services and the humanitarian aid activities.

The crime scene must be preserved and must avoid body remotion by the excuse of supposed rescue. The technical-scientific police must document evidence, reports, and autopsy exams to ensure the possibility of independent review; Investigations must meet the Minnesota Protocol requirements.

Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union , abolishing slavery , bolstering the federal government , and modernizing the U. Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier , primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator , and U. Congressman from Illinois. In , he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas—Nebraska Act of He reentered politics in , becoming a leader in the new Republican Party , and he reached a national audience in the Senate campaign debates against Stephen Douglas.

Lincoln ran for President in , sweeping the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the Union. During this time the newly formed Confederate States of America began seizing federal military bases in the south. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican , had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. Anti-war Democrats called ” Copperheads ” despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His Gettysburg Address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose.

Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South’s trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland , and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair.

In he issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which declared the slaves in the states “in rebellion” to be free. It also directed the Army and Navy to “recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons” and to receive them “into the armed service of the United States. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation.

On April 14, , just days after the war’s end at Appomattox , he was attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D. Abraham Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery.

Lincoln is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history. The family then migrated west, passing through New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Virginia. The heritage of Lincoln’s mother Nancy remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but acres 81 ha of his land in court disputes over property titles.

In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery. Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in obtained clear title to 80 acres 32 ha in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community.

On October 5, , Nancy Lincoln died from milk sickness , leaving year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy’s year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. His family even said he was lazy, for all his “reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc. Lincoln was largely self-educated. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, [27] and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was He became county wrestling champion at the age of In March , fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County.

In , Lincoln was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word “demonstrate” but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father’s home to study until he “could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid’s Elements ] at sight. Lincoln’s first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge , whom he met when he moved to New Salem.

By , they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. Late in , Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, , he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied. In , Lincoln met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois , and the following year they became engaged.

Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative. Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The oldest, Robert Todd Lincoln , was born in and was the only child to live to maturity. Edward Baker Lincoln Eddie , born in , died February 1, , probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln’s third son, “Willie” Lincoln was born on December 21, , and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, The youngest, Thomas “Tad” Lincoln , was born on April 4, , and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law office.

Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children’s behavior. Herndon recounted, “I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done. The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from ” melancholy “, a condition now thought to be clinical depression. During and , Lincoln worked at a general store in New Salem, Illinois.

In he declared his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives , but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War.

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint. They offered a wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, including takeout dinners.

But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, and Lincoln ended up running the store by himself. In his first campaign speech after returning from his military service, Lincoln observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his “neck and the seat of his trousers”, and tossed him. He could draw crowds as a raconteur , but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election.

Lincoln served as New Salem’s postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided to become a lawyer. Lincoln’s second state house campaign in , this time as a Whig , was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.

He was admitted to the Illinois bar in , [70] and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart , Mary Todd’s cousin. He partnered several years with Stephen T.

Logan , and in began his practice with William Herndon , “a studious young man”. True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in to be “an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay”. In , Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois’ 7th district seat in the U.

House of Representatives ; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter.

He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support. Polk ‘s desire for “military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood”. Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had “invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil”.

One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him “spotty Lincoln”. Lincoln had pledged in to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the presidential election.

In his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled “every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer”. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him. Rock Island Bridge Company , a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent.

Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor. Lincoln argued in an criminal trial, defending William “Duff” Armstrong , who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers’ Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility.

Armstrong was acquitted. Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn “Peachy” Harrison who was a third cousin; [g] Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln’s political opponent, Rev. Peter Cartwright. Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison’s acquittal.

The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of , a legislative package designed to address the issue. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery.

The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the spread of slavery that could result, but Douglas’s Kansas—Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May

The latest dot release for Capture One 12, that would be Capture One , supports a wider range of cameras than Capture One , for instance, or any previous dot releases for this version, but using Fujifilm X-T4 with it would still not be possible. I’ve got a C1 Pro perpetual license build and I am trying to connect my Nikon. Download Capture One 10; How to install Capture One Afterwards, log in to your account on the replace.me website and go to the Manage licenses section. There you will find the license key for your Capture One Pro 10 perpetual license which you can use to activate software. Please, refer to this article: How to activate Capture One. With its ability to tackle up to audio tracks, Avid Pro Tools Studio is tailor-made for music production. You also get aux tracks, instrument tracks, and 1, MIDI tracks. Pro Tools Studio supports one video track for small-scale video productions. You also get routing folders and support for 64 channels of native I/O. The number of workstations you can activate Capture One on with a perpetual license. Capture One Pro (single-user) The license key for Capture One 21 – 2 activations – this number of activations is applied for new users who made purchases after November 17, ; current users will keep the same number of activations after upgrading their licenses. Read unique story pieces & columns written by editors and columnists at National Post. Get in-depth analysis on current news, happenings and headlines.

Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes but is not limited to beatings, shootings, “improper takedowns, and unwarranted use of tasers. Police brutality is the modern form of violence by the state against civilians. The origin of modern policing can be traced back to the 18th century France.

By the 19th and early 20th centuries, many nations had established modern police departments. Early records suggest that labor strikes were the first large-scale incidents of police brutality in the United States , including events like the Great Railroad Strike of , the Pullman Strike of , the Lawrence Textile Strike of , the Ludlow Massacre of , the Great Steel Strike of , and the Hanapepe Massacre of The term “police brutality” was first used in Britain in the midth century, by The Puppet-Show magazine a short-lived rival to Punch complaining in September Scarcely a week passes without their committing some offence which disgusts everybody but the magistrates.

Boys are bruised by their ferocity, women insulted by their ruffianism; and that which brutality has done, perjury denies, and magisterial stupidity suffers to go unpunished. The first use of the term in the American press was in when the Chicago Tribune [4] reported the beating of a civilian who was under arrest at the Harrison Street Police Station. In the United States, it is common for marginalized groups to perceive the police as oppressors , rather than protectors or enforcers of the law, due to the statistically disproportionate number of minority incarcerations.

When used in print or as the battle cry in a black power rally, police brutality can by implication cover several practices, from calling a citizen by his or her first name to death by a policeman’s bullet. What the average citizen thinks of when he hears the term, however, is something midway between these two occurrences, something more akin to what the police profession knows as “alley court”—the wanton vicious beating of a person in custody, usually while handcuffed , and usually taking place somewhere between the scene of the arrest and the station house.

A white civilian videotaped the assault. This incident led to extensive media coverage and criminal charges against several of the officers involved. After facing a federal trial, two of the four officers were convicted and received month prison sentences. The case was widely seen as a key factor in the reform of the Los Angeles Police Department.

Under president Idi Amin , many Ugandan people were killed, including minority groups. Many others were tortured.

There were also deaths in police custody due to police action from to In , as a result of police officers being accused of crimes such as rape, torture, and murder, the cost of civil liabilities claims were so great that there was concern the costs would strain the South African Police Service national budget.

The police commissioner at the time, Riah Phiyega, blamed the large number of claims “on a highly litigious climate”. Police brutality has spread throughout Soweto. Nathaniel Julius was killed in Soweto by police officers from the El Dorado police station.

He was a 16 year old boy with Down Syndrome , and was shot because he didn’t respond to the police officer calling him. This action was not warranted because Nathaniel didn’t have any weapons on him and he was just walking from the store after buying biscuits. Two police officers were arrested over Julius’ death on murder charges, after mass protests against this in the area.

South African police are commonly accused of excessive force, with ten deaths attributed to police the same year Police brutality was a major contribution to the Egyptian revolution and Khaled Said ‘s death, though little has changed since. After six months of reporting gang rape, a woman in Egypt is still seeking justice not only for herself, but also those who were witnesses in her favor and are jailed, tortured in pretrial custody.

The lack of investigation into the Fairmont Hotel rape case of has also put the Egyptian authorities under condemnation. Reportedly, the prime witnesses of the case have been subjected to drug testing, virginity tests and publicly defamed, while their families suffer trauma. In May , a man named Shamim Reja was killed by police in the Sonargaon police station.

The victim’s father claimed that his son was tortured in the police station as the police wanted Bangladeshi Taka BDT , In Shahbag, Bangladesh on 26 January , hundreds of protesters against the Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company were taken into custody with extreme force by police officers. The protesters were struck by police officers and had a water cannon, tear gas, and baton charges used on them. On 23 January , a pro-jallikattu silent protest in Tamil Nadu turned violent.

The National Human Rights Commission consolidated reports that the police used violent methods without prior warning, including beatings and damaging private property, to disperse protesters in Chennai. There were widespread social media reports of police setting vehicles on fire.

Islamic extremists in Indonesia have been targeted by police as terrorists in the country. In many cases, they are either captured or killed.

Criminal investigations into human rights violations by the police are rare, punishments are light, and Indonesia has no independent national body to deal effectively with public complaints. Amnesty International has called on Indonesia to review police tactics during arrests and public order policing to ensure that they meet international standards. During the Bersih protests, Malaysian police attacked protesters and killed one. Malaysian police also cane prisoners for several offences, including theft, drug dealing and molestation.

The discussions of police brutality in the Philippines were revived on 21 December when a civilian police officer Jonel Nuezca shot his two unarmed neighbors following an argument over an improvised noise maker known locally as boga set up by the victim a day earlier. In Singapore, people cannot protest. Police have also caned people for vandalism and other offences. The Gulf Cooperation Council GCC member states have seen many cases of brutality, with some even involving senior figures.

Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi-American activist and his death inside a Saudi Embassy drew widespread criticism. In October , he went into the Embassy in Turkey. On that same day, a group of Saudi authorities entered the country and intercepted him at the Embassy and killed him soon after. They disposed of his body and then returned to Saudi Arabia. In Bahrain, police and military personnel manhandled and shot dead many Arab Spring protesters. During the Gulf war, the Iraqis pillaged Kuwait and killed or tortured many people.

A number of men and women were also raped. At the end of the war, some troops deliberately set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields. Before that, Saddam Hussein used the police to arrest any one who opposed him. Iranian authorities routinely harass women if they are not wearing a hijab or if they show too much skin. The authorities have also harassed minorities, especially Bahai people. Pakistan’s law enforcement is divided into multiple tiers, including forces under provincial and federal government control.

During the Hong Kong protests , there were numerous instances of police brutality. Seven police officers were caught on video kicking and beating a prominent political activist who was already handcuffed. Pictures on local TV and social media show demonstrators being dragged behind police lines, circled by police officers so that onlookers’ views were blocked, and in some cases, re-emerging with visible injuries.

An officer-involved, retired police officer Frankly Chu King-wai was sentenced to three months in prison for causing serious bodily harm. During the —20 Hong Kong protests which gained extensive international coverage, [43] [44] [45] [46] complaints of police brutality increased substantially and broke previous records of complaints. Cases that have caused outrage include the police’s mauling and intentional head-shooting of protesters by rubber bullets [47] [48] [49] and rapid tear-gassing of a surrounded crowd.

On the night of 31 August , more than riot police officers entered the Prince Edward MTR station and attacked suspects in a train compartment on the Tsuen Wan line with batons and pepper spray. Many suspects sustained head injuries. Politically motivated riots and protests have occurred historically in China, notably with the Tiananmen Square protests of Chinese protesters have been able to systematize powerful group mobilizations with the use of social media and informal mass communication like Twitter and its Chinese counterparts Weibo.

The Xintang region, Canton Province Guangzhou , is an influential textile hub, attracting thousands of workers from all over the country, and what lit the fuse was a complaint of mistreatment against a pregnant migrant worker. Protests on 20 February [ year needed ] used a website to urge participants not to shout more anti-government slogans, but to go outside for a quiet walk in the places where they had been deciding to continue the protest.

After a brutal police response, the authorities installed corrugated metal fences outside the restaurant and the home of dissident and Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo. This presence interrupted the orderly operation of the shops. In , Thai police, military personnel and others, were seen shooting at protesters at Thammasat University.

In , the General Directorate of Security issued a circular banning all audio-visual recordings of law enforcement officers at protests.

Find the best places within Ottawa. From local businesses to food to medical to legal services. If it is impossible to render one’s country impervious to the ambitions of bullies, perhaps one has to raise the cost of any aggression to an unacceptable level. Recorded June 9, National Post readers discuss the performance of Canada’s foreign affairs minister, and other issues of the day. Dear Diary: ‘You parasite!

Just because I said some words, suddenly you can take my money? The rules of national competitiveness keep changing. If the last few years were tough, the future looks even more confusing. Is Canada up to the challenges? The apparent answer is disquieting.

The first plausible sign of a more adult direction in public policy leadership for some years is coming from Poilievre. The battle over Scottish independence continues to be underexamined in the Canadian press, despite the many factors that ought to make the subject one of compelling interest here.

The events of this summer offer a spectacle that rhymes closely with Canadian constitutional history. The government, like the prime minister, always thinks that more of itself is what Indigenous Canadians need.

The likely Conservative leadership winner should ignore pleas to move to the centre. Foreign affairs is too important a cabinet position to be handled so carelessly. This website uses cookies to personalize your content including ads , and allows us to analyze our traffic. Read more about cookies here. By continuing to use our site, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Search nationalpost.

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Yet, the PCs had nothing new to offer, beyond moves it has already made or promised with Video 23 Comments. In Shahbag, Bangladesh on 26 January , hundreds of protesters against the Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company were taken into custody with extreme force by police officers. The protesters were struck by police officers and had a water cannon, tear gas, and baton charges used on them.

On 23 January , a pro-jallikattu silent protest in Tamil Nadu turned violent. The National Human Rights Commission consolidated reports that the police used violent methods without prior warning, including beatings and damaging private property, to disperse protesters in Chennai. There were widespread social media reports of police setting vehicles on fire. Islamic extremists in Indonesia have been targeted by police as terrorists in the country. In many cases, they are either captured or killed.

There are cases of police corruption involving hidden bank accounts and retaliation against journalists investigating these claims; one example occurred in June when Indonesian magazine Tempo had journalist activists beaten by police. Separately, on 31 August police officers in Central Sulawesi province fired into a crowd of people protesting the death of a local man in police custody; five people were killed and 34 injured.

The police’s history of violence goes back to the military-backed Suharto regime — when Suharto seized power during an alleged coup and instituted an anti-Communist purge. Criminal investigations into human rights violations by the police are rare, punishments are light, and Indonesia has no independent national body to deal effectively with public complaints. Amnesty International has called on Indonesia to review police tactics during arrests and public order policing to ensure that they meet international standards.

He often recorded some of the abuse. Issa was eventually arrested but a court found him not guilty and released him. Authorities in Saudi Arabia have also been filmed lashing civilians for different reasons. Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi-American activist and his death inside a Saudi Embassy drew widespread criticism. In October , he went into the Embassy in Turkey. On that same day, a group of Saudi authorities entered the country and intercepted him at the Embassy and killed him soon after.

They disposed of his body and then returned to Saudi Arabia. In Bahrain, police and military personnel manhandled and shot dead many Arab Spring protesters. During the Gulf war, the Iraqis pillaged Kuwait and killed or tortured many people. A number of men and women were also raped. At the end of the war, some troops deliberately set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields. Before that, Saddam Hussein used the police to arrest any one who opposed him.

The law strictly prohibits any physical abuse of suspected or convicted criminals; however, due to deficiencies during the training process, there have been reported instances of suspected police brutality. Reported cases are often investigated by police authorities as well as civil courts leading to mixed outcomes.

A recent case includes the purported extra judicial killing of a man named Naqeebullah by an ex-officer named “Rao Anwar”. Taking notice of the matter, the Supreme Court issued arrest and detention warrants in the case to arrest the accused. As a result of the police trying to stop the rally, people were injured. During the Hong Kong protests , there were numerous instances of police brutality.

Seven police officers were caught on video kicking and beating a prominent political activist who was already handcuffed. Pictures on local TV and social media show demonstrators being dragged behind police lines, circled by police officers so that onlookers’ views were blocked, and in some cases, re-emerging with visible injuries. An officer-involved, retired police officer Frankly Chu King-wai was sentenced to three months in prison for causing serious bodily harm. During the —20 Hong Kong protests which gained extensive international coverage, [43] [44] [45] [46] complaints of police brutality increased substantially and broke previous records of complaints.

Cases that have caused outrage include the police’s mauling and intentional head-shooting of protesters by rubber bullets [47] [48] [49] and rapid tear-gassing of a surrounded crowd. Many Hong Kong citizens accuse the police of attempting to murder protesters to deter the people from exercising their freedom of expression. Amnesty International released a report on 21 June denouncing the role of the Hong Kong police in the 12 June protest that ended up in bloodshed.

Several street conflicts continued in Hong Kong throughout July Instances of police striking journalists with batons to obstruct their live reporting have been filmed. On the night of 31 August , more than riot police officers entered the Prince Edward MTR station and attacked suspects in a train compartment on the Tsuen Wan line with batons and pepper spray. Many suspects sustained head injuries.

Politically motivated riots and protests have occurred historically in China, notably with the Tiananmen Square protests of Chinese protesters have been able to systematize powerful group mobilizations with the use of social media and informal mass communication like Twitter and its Chinese counterparts Weibo. The Xintang region, Canton Province Guangzhou , is an influential textile hub, attracting thousands of workers from all over the country, and what lit the fuse was a complaint of mistreatment against a pregnant migrant worker.

In , Thai police, military personnel and others, were seen shooting at protesters at Thammasat University. Many were killed and many survivors were abused. Turkey has a history of police brutality, including the use of torture particularly between and Police brutality featured excessive use of tear gas including targeting protesters with tear gas canisters , [66] pepper spray, and water cannons.

Physical violence against protesters has been observed, for example, in the suppression of Kurdish protests and May Day demonstrations.

While the most notorious of these incidents occurred in the late s, incidents as recent as are being investigated by the Vienna Police Department for Special Investigations.

This was worsened by the fact that many people who made a complaint against police were brought up on counter-charges such as resisting arrest, defamation, and assault. From to , accusations of police misconduct were made against officers in Vienna with none being charged, though 1, people were charged with “civil disorder” in a similar time period. The culture of excusing police officers for their misconduct has continued into the present day, and any complaints of mistreatment are often met with inadequate investigations and judicial proceedings.

One suggestion was to disband the Bereitschaftspolizei , Vienna’s riot police, as they have frequently been involved with human rights violations and situations of police brutality. Such a plan was required by the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The police in Belarus clamp down on dissidents, often violently. In May , authorities stopped Ryanair Flight in Belarusian airspace. A Belarusian journalist and activist, Roman Protasevich was taken off the plane and detained by authorities.

Jacob died from internal bleeding following the incident, but police claimed they did not make any mistakes and “acted carefully, respecting the necessary precautions”. In , the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights ECtHR convicted Belgium of human rights violations in an appeal on the treatment of two brothers in custody who had been slapped by an officer. The Grand Chamber voiced its concern that “a slap inflicted by a law-enforcement officer on an individual who is entirely under his control constitutes a serious attack on the individual’s dignity”.

Several other instances of police violence can be noted in Belgium. In , Mawda, a four-year-old child was killed in an encounter with a truck used to carry migrants across the border.

He was hit by a police car to stop him in his chase, which killed him on impact. Sources say it was on purpose, even though he was on a scooter. Both these cases had been filed as dismissed.

In , Ibrahima was arrested. He was filming a police control. The authorities however, said he was arrested for not respecting the curfew, which starts at 10pm, even though his arrest happened at 6pm. He died in police custody, in unknown circumstances. His death prompted a lot of reaction from the public, who organized a protest a few days after his killing. The Constitution of Croatia prohibits torture, mistreatment, and cruel and degrading punishment under Article 17, and accords arrested and convicted persons humane treatment under Article 25 of the OHCHR.

Then-chairman of the Constitution Party Andrei Zarenkov stated “people were forced to squat for hours or lie on the concrete floor with their hands tied behind their backs. The police used plastic handcuffs which caused great pain.

The police selectively beat the detainees including women and teenagers. We have pictures of a toilet which is stained with the blood of the injured”. The police department denied all claims made against them.

On 22 May , the Office of Prosecutor General of Estonia [] received more than fifty complaints on the police brutality that occurred during Bronze Night and opened seven criminal cases against them.

In November , the United Nations Committee Against Torture expressed concerns over the use of excessive force and brutality by law enforcement personnel in regards to Bronze Night. It was later discovered that the accused were only allowed outside contact and lawyer assistance when brought before a judge. Several detainees were denied access to a doctor while in police custody despite displaying visible injuries.

The policing structure of the nineteenth century France has been linked to the outcomes of France’s reorganisation during the French Revolution. France’s police ombudsman is currently dealing with 48 judicial inquiries into police brutality against its citizens, in which 1, individuals have been arrested within three months. Grey areas around police accountability have come to light, including questions over how his body was covered in bruises and whether or not carotid restraint which involves constricting the carotid arteries was used against him.

Recent protests over disputed labor laws have revealed the extreme nature of police brutality in France, as many videos have surfaced in the media depicting police using disproportionate force on protesters. French officials have forced these aggressive videos to be destroyed. A group known as the Stolen Lives Collective formed in response to the increased number of cases of police brutality in French communities. The group strongly demands the government to act against police brutality and to reduce racism present across the police force in France.

These types of cases were the most likely to be dismissed before proceeding to the prosecutor for consideration. In , a year-old police constable lured a year-old girl to his house by showing her his badge, where he got her drunk and raped her twice. The constable was fired and sentenced to a two-year suspended sentence. Facial bones were also broken and he was left permanently damaged. One guard participating in the assault was sentenced to an day suspended prison sentence.

The police twisted the man’s hands and pushed him backward and broke a femur in the process. According to the police, he had resisted, contrary to eyewitness accounts. A third officer testified that the event was captured on surveillance video, which was stored but accidentally destroyed. The officer also stated that they had seen the footage and claimed that the video did not show any resistance on the part of the victim, but also that the assault happened out of the camera’s view.

Germany is sensitive towards its history in implementing policing practices, though this has not stopped international bodies from identifying a clear pattern of police ill-treatment of foreigners and members of ethnic minorities. As law enforcement is vested solely with the states of Germany, each state’s police force or “Land” police follows a different system of law.

Accordingly, there is an absence of a federal comprehensive register, compiling and publishing regular, uniform, and comprehensive figures on complaints about police ill-treatment.

The study was conducted by the Ruhr-University of Bochum and was the biggest study at the time to be conducted on police brutality in Germany. The study found that the low number of complaints was likely due to a low expectation of success. Despite this objective lack of accountability for policing practice, public levels of trust in police remain among the highest in the EU only behind Scandinavian countries and Switzerland.

Lower numbers exist in Scandinavian countries and the UK, [] suggesting that Germany is attempting to build the impression of having a more laissez-faire approach to policing, despite instances of police brutality. One of the first documented incidents dates back to , where year-old activist Sideris Isidoropoulos was killed by police while he put up campaign posters on a public building.

In , year-old protester Stamatina Kanelopoulou and year-old Iakovos Koumis died at the hands of the Greek police. They were beaten to death by police officers during a demonstration commemorating the Athens Polytechnic uprising. The protests still occur to this day for protesters to commemorate the uprising. The protests are still commonly affected by police brutality around the time of the event.

It was claimed that the men were hooked and severely beaten in detention. The media published photos of the men, all with severe bruising, though the police’s press release showed digitally manipulated photos of the four without injuries.

Dendias countered by accusing the British newspaper that published the details of these crimes of libel. It was proven by forensic examination that the torture had taken place.

Amnesty International highlights that the continued targeting of journalists is concerning as it infringes on the right to freedom of expression.

According to a recent Amnesty International report, there have been multiple instances in which police have used excessive brutal force, misused less-lethal weapons against protesters, attacked journalists, and subjected bystanders to ill-treatment, particularly over the course of the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising, which took place on 17 November Police allegedly sprayed protesters with chemical irritants from close range — in one instance a year-old girl with asthma had been treated in the hospital after this attack and when she informed police of her condition they laughed.

A German exchange student said he was beaten randomly by riot police in the Exarheia district, stating his only reason for being there was that he was eating with other students. The student gave a horrifying description of the violence he endured and cowered in a corner when he saw police because a few weeks before he had witnessed police beating a man they had arrested. He claimed that upon spotting him, about six police officers began assaulting him with their batons, and when they left they were replaced by another group of police.

It has been indicated that riot police left beaten and gravely injured individuals without any medical assistance. Amnesty International urges Greece to effectively and promptly investigate these crimes against civilians, which violate human rights, and hold perpetrators accountable.

None of the cases of police brutality above resulted in any prosecution of police force members. One case that sparked nationwide riots was the death of year-old Alexis Grigoropoulos, who was shot dead by a police officer in December during demonstrations in Athens, sparkling large riots against police brutality.

Reports show that brutality extended to bypassers, tourists, news reporters, and paramedics. Hungarian Spectrum blogger Eva S. The requirements to become a police officer in Hungary are to graduate from high school, pass a matriculation exam, and complete two years in the police academy.

A person acting for a legitimate purpose may not be able to weigh up the exact necessary action at the time or may act instinctively but honestly — in these instances, the use of force may be considered reasonable. This is acknowledged by the Garda, who state: “Unfortunately, even in the most civilised democratic jurisdictions, tragedies resulting from police use of force will continue to devastate families and communities”.

The use of force by Irish Police officers has been of international concern, when the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture reported on this issue in the Republic three times within a decade. Incidents that prompted this concern centred around the death of John Carty, a man suffering from mental illness who was shot and killed by police; the prosecution of seven Garda police members due to assaults on protesters in and in ; and a fifteen-year-old boy who died after spending time in Garda custody.

However, despite these reforms, issues regarding police brutality arose among the Russian population living in Latvia; in , police forces were accused of dispersing a rally of predominately Russian pensioners through the use of excessive force and brutality. Reports from Latvian prisons illustrate cases where police batons were used to inflict serious harm to inmates, including causing broken ribs, which often were not medically assessed for up to two days.

The use of spontaneous or -intentioned force, special facilities or weapon shall not be justified”, [] recognising that the authorities are conscious of police brutality, and given more time, it is likely that the figures will continue to decrease. The Grand Ducal Police is the primary law enforcement agency in Luxembourg and has been operating since 1 January , when the Grand Ducal Gendarmerie previous Luxembourg military merged with the police force.

However, this Act does not cover other forms of physical coercion by police officers such as the use of handcuffs as these are seen as basic police measures that do not require specific legislation. The officer must be legitimately executing his duty and his actions and must be compatible under the principles of proportionality, subsidiarity, reasonability, and measure to use force. The police inspector the term used for a common officer must undergo legal and tactical training lasting an intensive 26 months followed by further training at an allocated police station.

They called upon Maltese authorities to conduct a rapid investigation emphasising the need to forbid violence against migrants and refugees, whether by state parties or by individuals. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , concerning the conditions of migrants in detention, recommended that the “State party take appropriate measures to improve detention conditions and refrain from resorting to excessive use of force to counter riots by immigrants in detention centers, and also to avoid such riot”.

The police added that he even spit blood at police officers and bit a constable’s arm, tearing off part of his skin. When asked to state his client’s plea, Dr. Abela declared “absolutely not guilty,” before accusing the police of grossly distorting the truth. Calleja’s nose was bandaged, and Dr. Abela presented a medical certificate showing that it had been broken as evidence.

The lawyer also presented his client’s blood-stained clothes — prosecuting inspector Jason Sultana originally objected, but relented after Dr. Abela said that this objection was due to the fact that the clothes helped confirm the injuries Mr. Calleja sustained. The man said his son was in a bar in Paceville when police went up to him because he was smoking. The man claimed that the police roughly manhandled his son, handcuffed him and threw him into a van where he was beaten up and suffered from lacerations to the head as well as bruised ribs and muscles.

He was subsequently charged with threatening the two officers while carrying out their duties, breaching the peace and refusing to give his particulars. He was cleared of the charges. In the ensuing verbal exchange the officer, Defence lawyer Rachel Tua said, made offensive remarks about the accused’s father.

She denied the prosecution’s assertion that Robertson had assaulted police, adding that his friends had witnessed the incident and would be summoned to testify.

In the Rijksrecherche conducted 67 inquiries related to police officers, 21 of which were related to shootings. While Dutch society has a history of support for liberal values, it has been subject to practicing racial profiling and increased levels of police violence towards racial minorities. Van der Leun writes that suspicion and mistrust of some racial groups is evident and perpetuated by police attitudes at all levels of command.

A notable case in racial profiling and the use of police force occurred in June with the death of Aruban man Mitch Henriquez. Henriquez died of asphyxiation while in police custody after being suspected of carrying a firearm and being arrested at a music festival in The Hague.

The first anniversary of his death in June provided a catalyst for protests against police brutality in The Hague, an area with a significant proportion of residents of non-European background. Eleven protesters were arrested for failing to comply with instructions from the Mayor to limit protest to certain areas of the city, which led some protesters to claim authorities were attempting to criminalize the right to peaceful protest.

The five officers alleged to be involved in Hendriquez’s death have been suspended but have yet to be charged. The Polish police Policja force aims to “serve and protect the people, and to maintain public order and security”. A key factor influencing the levels of police brutality in Poland has been the move from a communist state to a democracy. It is argued that Poland’s transition has resulted in a more transparent system, reducing levels of police brutality.

Although there is a more open police force within Poland, many organizations still have issues against police brutality. The United States Department of State report on Poland raised several concerns of police brutality; [] The report cited a case of police officers using violence to acquire a confession for armed robbery in , [] though it also noted that these police officers were eventually indicted for police brutality.

In year Polish women started protesting against new restrictions in abortion law. In response Polish police started arresting, use of gas against protesters and even beating them on the streets. Government states that use of force was necessary, even though there was no reported example of aggression on the side of protesters. In recent years one of the main sources of controversy concerning Polish police brutality has been the use of rubber bullets to disperse uncooperative crowds at sporting events.

In , major riots occurred when a young basketball fan was killed by the police. In , a man was killed and a woman injured in a riot when Polish police accidentally shot live ammunition instead of rubber bullets into the crowd after an association football game. Although rubber bullets were used, one man was hit in the neck and later died at the hospital. The Polish police also have a history of police brutality within the Roma community. One particular case of police brutality against the Romani people occurred in when the police took four Roma men to a field and beat them.

In , a viral video showed a Benfica fan being heavily beaten in front of his two children outside a football stadium. The footage, filmed by a local television station, showed Jose Magalhaes leaving the football match early with his children and elderly father before being confronted by police officers. A statement released by the PSP acknowledged the controversial incident and announced that an investigation was launched against the officer responsible for initiating the attack.

There have been suggestions of institutionalised racism within the Portuguese police force, with activists claiming that discrimination is the deep-rooted cause of police brutality in Portugal. Despite a good record in migrant integration, historical parallels can be drawn between Portugal’s colonial past and modern police racism.

Racially-influenced police actions are illustrated by the violence in Cova de Moura, a low socio-economic area housing a significant migrant population. Notably, during an incident in February , a young man named Bruno Lopes was aggressively searched and physically abused.

The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECRI has raised concerns about police mistreatment of minorities in Portugal in all of its reports on the country. Portuguese people of Roma descent have also been victims of police harassment and brutality in the country. There are several examples publicized by the media: one case from involved a Roma man and his son. The two walked to the Nelas police station in Porto to get some information, but the police allegedly ended up abusing them.

Two officers were convicted in for physically assaulting the father. Some of the people living in the camp, including children and women, were reportedly attacked by GNR officers. Six Roma that were detained in the operation allege that they were later tortured and humiliated in the GNR station of Amares ; the GNR denied the accusations, while SOS Racismo promised to file a complaint against the force. Russian protests have gained media attention with the reelection of Vladimir Putin in More attention has been given to the frequency of police brutality shown on posted videos online.

Then-president Dmitry Medvedev initiated reforms of the police force in an attempt to minimize the violence by firing the Moscow police chief and centralising police powers. Police divisions in Russia are often based on loyalty systems that favor bureaucratic power among political elites. Phone tapping and business raids are common practice in the country, and often fail to give due process to citizens. Proper investigations into police officials are still considered insufficient by Western standards.

Excessive use of force against the Romani minority by police has been publicly criticised by the United Nations. In , a year-old Romani man died as a result of abuse in police custody at the hands of the Mayor of Magnezitovce and his son who works as a police officer. The victim, Karol Sendrei, was allegedly chained to a radiator and fatally beaten after being forcefully removed from his home.

In response to this incident, the Minister for Internal Affairs attempted to establish new measures to prevent police brutality by including mandatory psychological testing for law enforcement and better training around the effective use of coercion. However, police brutality toward the Roma minority remains a serious issue. Video footage shot by law enforcement officers in shows 6 Romani boys aged between being forced to strip naked, kiss, and slap each other. It is alleged that the boys were then set upon by police dogs , with at least two sustaining serious injuries.

It is often the experience of the Roma in regards to pressing charges for police brutality, a counter charge is often threatened by law enforcement in an attempt to pressure the alleged victim into dropping the charges. It is generally an effective move as the hostile attitude toward the Roma in Slovakia is so entrenched that lawyers are often reluctant to represent Romani victims. Minority groups in Slovenia, particularly the Roma and any residents from the former Yugoslav Republic face discrimination and sometimes brutality by Slovenian police.

Their rights have not been fully restored yet. The police have been known to occasionally use excessive force against detainees in prisons, as well as foreigners and other minority groups, though no police officer has ever been arrested or charged. The worst case of police brutality was the November protests; political dissatisfaction spurred a series of protests in Maribor, Slovenia.

Two notable demonstrations were the ones that occurred in Barcelona on 27 May , and in Madrid on 25 September Video footage published online showed the use of force by police against peaceful demonstrators on both occasions. Images show officers using handheld batons to repeatedly hit peaceful demonstrators some of them in the face and neck , rubber bullets, pepper spray, and the injuries caused.

Despite public outrage, the Spanish government did not make any attempt to reform policing and police mistreatment of the public; the opposite happened instead: in July , new reforms to the law on Public Security and the Criminal Code were enforced which limited the right to freedom of assembly and gave police officers the broad discretion to fine people who show a “lack of respect” towards them.

Under Spanish law, the police have the right to check the identity of anyone in a public space when there is a security concern. However, African and Latin American immigrants are most frequently targeted, often without a legitimate security concern. According to David Grobgeld of the Center for a Stateless Society , since the REVA Legally Certain and Efficient Enforcement project had been applied in Sweden in an attempt to deport illegal immigrants, it had exposed the brutal and illegal methods used by police.

Officers have been shown to harass and racially profile non-white Swedes who often live in segregated suburbs. The marginalised such as the poor, homeless, people of colour, users of illicit drugs, and the mentally ill are facing Sweden as a Police State. This has resulted in social disobedience with ordinary people in Sweden updating others on Twitter and Facebook on the whereabouts of police.

In police shot a man in his own home in front of his wife in the town of Husby, a suburb of Stockholm. The police alleged the man had been wielding a machete and threatening them with it. The Stockholm riots were set off after the Husby shooting, where more than cars were torched. When the police showed up they had stones thrown at them.

People said the police called them “monkeys” and used batons against them in the clash. The police picked him up and in the process of his arrest broke his arm and locked him in a cell for nearly six hours with no medical aid. Socially excluded groups have been targeted and the result of police investigations often means the police officers are not deemed to be at fault.

According to Grobgeld, the common denominator for people on a special police list is being or married to a Romani person. A register of Romani people is kept by police. The police claim that they are “following orders”, the “rule of law” and “democratic process”. The police ordered the local security guards to stop the child. One guard tackled him to the ground and sat on him. He then pushed the child’s face into the pavement hard and covered his mouth. The child can be heard screaming and gasping on the video that has gone viral on the internet.

The police then put him in handcuffs. In the United Kingdom employed approximately , police officers in the 43 police forces of England, Wales and the British Transport Police , the lowest number since March Physical force is considered appropriate if:. This requires a consideration of the degree of force used. Any excessive use of force by a police officer is unlawful and an officer could be prosecuted under criminal law. Despite an average reduction in deaths in custody since , a Public Confidence Survey revealed that public satisfaction following contact with the police was falling and that there was a greater willingness to file a complaint.

However, young people and people from black or minority ethnic groups were much less likely to come forward with complaints. While instances of police brutality in the UK is comparatively less than its US counterpart, there are nonetheless high profile incidents that have received wide media coverage. In May , year-old Julian Cole was arrested outside a nightclub in Bedford by six police officers.

The altercation left Cole in a vegetative state due to a severed spinal cord. Expert evidence indicated that Cole was struck with considerable force on his neck whilst his head was pulled back. On 20 February , Bedfordshire Police Constables Christopher Thomas and Christopher Pitts, chased Faruk Ali before allegedly knocking him over and punching him in the face outside his family home. Ali was described as an autistic man who had the mental age of a five-year-old.

Following an investigation by the IPCC, the officers were fired following breaches of standards of professional conduct including standards of honesty, integrity, authority, equality, and diversity. On 13 July , year-old Mzee Mohammed died in police custody after being detained by Merseyside police at a Liverpool shopping centre. Officers were called to the scene after Mzee was allegedly behaving aggressively and erratically while armed with a knife.

After successfully detaining Mzee, the police called an ambulance after Mzee suffered a “medical episode” and was pronounced dead. Questions remain about how appropriate medical condition could have been administered given how the handcuffs would restrict breathing. The public incidents in which police judgments or actions have been called into question raised concerns about police accountability and governance. On 16 March , people were arrested in Montreal at a protest against police brutality.

In the United States, major political and social movements have involved excessive force by police, including the civil rights movement of the s, anti-war demonstrations, the War on Drugs , and the Global War on Terrorism. In , the UN Committee against Torture condemned police brutality and excessive use of force by law enforcement in the US, and highlighted the “frequent and recurrent police shootings or fatal pursuits of unarmed black individuals”.

Seven members of the United States Maryland military police were convicted for the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse incidents in Iraq. The United States has developed a notorious reputation for cases of police brutality. The United States has a far higher number of police killings compared to other Western countries. It was found through Kaiser Family Foundation research that almost half of Black Americans believe they have been victimized by law enforcement. According to a study published in The Lancet , more than 30, people were killed by police in the United States between and Breonna Taylor was killed at the age of 26 when police forced entry into the apartment as part of an investigation into drug dealing operations.

Walker was unhurt but Taylor was hit by six bullets and died. On 23 September, a state grand jury found the shooting of Taylor justified but indicted officer Hankison on three counts of wanton endangerment for endangering Taylor’s neighbors with his shots.

In the video, it appears George Floyd screaming “You are going to kill me man! Floyd’s murder, captured on video, triggered protests against racial discrimination across the US and the world.

A significant portion of the officers involved had already been charged for crimes previously. Rio de Janeiro is the city with the highest rates. The ISP research reveals the disparities between the number of COVID mitigating actions 36 and police encounters in the first months of the pandemic. In May , they asked for the immediate suspension of police operations during the pandemic, indicating that continuing such operations would threaten life and dignity. In addition, they cited mortality rates, power abuse cases, and the propriety damages caused by the police raids during a deadly pandemic in poor neighborhoods.

This murder led people to protest in the streets and was the main argument for the ADPF [] petition, supported by Supreme Courts Minister Edson Fachin in August of the same year. Afterward, the Court unanimously voted to maintain the decision, which would only authorize operations in “absolutely exceptional” cases that needed to be justified for the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro.

Jun 14, · Cloud Transfer allows you to import into Capture One Pro images that are on the cloud on the iPad app, which is not yet available. Capture One 22 is available as a perpetual license for $ or as part of a subscription plan starting at $20 per month. The OM System mm F PRO II is an updated version of one of our favorite Olympus. Download Capture One 10; How to install Capture One Afterwards, log in to your account on the replace.me website and go to the Manage licenses section. There you will find the license key for your Capture One Pro 10 perpetual license which you can use to activate software. Please, refer to this article: How to activate Capture One. Renew or buy a new Software Updates + Support Plan for a perpetual license Create up to 64 tracks of dialogue, music, and sound effects in surround. Or send all tracks and effects to Pro Tools community of other video and audio creators. Expand your opportunities, promote your work, and find new talent—all in one free app. With its ability to tackle up to audio tracks, Avid Pro Tools Studio is tailor-made for music production. You also get aux tracks, instrument tracks, and 1, MIDI tracks. Pro Tools Studio supports one video track for small-scale video productions. You also get routing folders and support for 64 channels of native I/O.

If it is impossible to render one’s country impervious to the ambitions of bullies, perhaps one has to raise the cost of any aggression to an unacceptable level.

If the last few years were tough, the future looks even more confusing. Is Canada up to the challenges? The apparent answer is disquieting. The first plausible sign of a more adult direction in public policy leadership for some years is coming from Poilievre.

Assuming that transgender health care must exist in some form, we should strive to make it as effective and responsible as possible. Unfortunately, the kind of care provided in recent years has often been irresponsible. The likely Conservative leadership winner should ignore pleas to move to the centre. Foreign affairs is too important a cabinet position to be handled so carelessly.

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The footage depicted eight officers from Antwerp police’s Special Intervention Unit restraining and beating Jacob after he had been injected with a sedative sparked public outrage.

Jacob died from internal bleeding following the incident, but police claimed they did not make any mistakes and “acted carefully, respecting the necessary precautions”.

In , Mawda, a four-year-old child was killed in an encounter with a truck used to carry migrants across the border. A police officer shot on the moving car, despite knowing a child was in it.

In , Lamine Bangoura was killed in his own apartment by eight policemen because he had not paid rent. In the attempt to evict him out of his flat, the policemen used unwarranted brutality which resulted in Lamine’s death.

In , Mehdi, year-old Moroccan boy was run over by a police car on patrol. He was hit by a police car to stop him in his chase, which killed him on impact. Sources say it was on purpose, even though he was on a scooter. Both these cases had been filed as dismissed. In , Ibrahima was arrested. He was filming a police control. The authorities however, said he was arrested for not respecting the curfew, which starts at 10pm, even though his arrest happened at 6pm. He died in police custody, in unknown circumstances.

His death prompted a lot of reaction from the public, who organized a protest a few days after his killing. The Constitution of Croatia prohibits torture, mistreatment, and cruel and degrading punishment under Article 17, and accords arrested and convicted persons humane treatment under Article 25 of the OHCHR.

From to , the Croatian police, in addition to their regular police tasks, were a militarised force charged with the role of defending the country while seceding from Yugoslavia.

The European Court of Human Rights has found that Croatian police authorities have failed to fulfill their obligations, on numerous occasions, under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by failing to carry out effective investigations to protect its citizens and tourists from violent attacks.

The Croatian police violence has been used to intimidate refugees travelling from Serbia into Croatia. The Police of Denmark has a force of approximately 11, officers and they serve in the 12 police districts and the two Danish overseas territories. A majority of complaints stem from general misconduct, such as traffic violations and unprofessional behaviour e.

However, the Annual Report identifies some instances where the Police of Denmark used excessive force. Although examples of police brutality are not common, highly publicised incidents have been reported. To ensure that police are well-trained and to mitigate the risk of police brutality, police recruits undergo approximately three years of training; at the National Police College, recruits learn about police theory, the Road Traffic Act, criminal law, physical training, other legislation, first aid, radio communication, securing evidence, identifying drugs, preventing crime, management, human rights, and cultural sociology to name a few.

The Bronze Night occurred from 26 to 29 April , when riots broke out over the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn being relocated. The government wanted to relocate the statue and rebury the associated remains near the Tallinn Military Cemetery; the response was heavily negative among the country’s Russophone population, but for Estonians historically the Bronze Soldier served as a symbol of Soviet occupation and repression.

The police department denied all claims made against them. On 22 May , the Office of Prosecutor General of Estonia [] received more than fifty complaints on the police brutality that occurred during Bronze Night and opened seven criminal cases against them.

Participation in the weekly protests diminished due to violence, particularly due to the loss of eyes and hands, and the development of neurological disorders caused by police blast balls. Historically, police brutality was commonplace during the s and s following the Finnish Civil War.

Accordingly, there is an absence of a federal comprehensive register, compiling and publishing regular, uniform, and comprehensive figures on complaints about police ill-treatment. The study was conducted by the Ruhr-University of Bochum and was the biggest study at the time to be conducted on police brutality in Germany. The study found that the low number of complaints was likely due to a low expectation of success. Despite this objective lack of accountability for policing practice, public levels of trust in police remain among the highest in the EU only behind Scandinavian countries and Switzerland.

The protests are still commonly affected by police brutality around the time of the event. The level and severity of police brutality in Greece over the last few years have been profound. Due to the recent financial crisis, many austerity measures have been enforced, resulting in many individuals and families struggling to survive.

In Greek police allegedly tortured four young men believed to be bank robbery suspects following their arrest. It was claimed that the men were hooked and severely beaten in detention. The media published photos of the men, all with severe bruising, though the police’s press release showed digitally manipulated photos of the four without injuries. The Greek minister of citizen protection— Nikos Dendias —supported the police and claimed that they needed to use Photoshop to ensure the suspects were recognisable.

Victims claimed they were tortured while being held at the Attica General Police Directorate and stated that police officers slapped them, spat on them, burnt their arms with cigarette lighters, and kept them awake with flashlights and lasers. Dendias countered by accusing the British newspaper that published the details of these crimes of libel. It was proven by forensic examination that the torture had taken place.

The two Greek journalists who commented on The Guardian report the next day were fired. Police brutality in Greece today predominantly manifests itself in the form of unjustified and extreme physical violence towards protesters and journalists. Amnesty International highlights that the continued targeting of journalists is concerning as it infringes on the right to freedom of expression.

Police broke the fingers of a handcuffed man and raided restaurants and bars to find radical demonstrators. Police brutality ranged from offensive language to physically attacking protesters. Reports show that brutality extended to bypassers, tourists, news reporters, and paramedics. Hungarian Spectrum blogger Eva S. The requirements to become a police officer in Hungary are to graduate from high school, pass a matriculation exam, and complete two years in the police academy.

At present Northern Ireland still faces policing issues, though not to the extent during the Troubles. There are concerns about harassment by police against children aged 14—18 in low socio-economic areas of Northern Ireland which have led to a deep level of mistrust between the youth and the police.

Incidents that prompted this concern centred around the death of John Carty, a man suffering from mental illness who was shot and killed by police; the prosecution of seven Garda police members due to assaults on protesters in and in ; and a fifteen-year-old boy who died after spending time in Garda custody. Given this state of events, the Garda engaged independent Human Rights experts to conduct a review of the force who found numerous deficiencies. The government responded by implementing new procedures based on this report.

These include a new complaints procedure available against the Garda Ombudsman Commission , disciplinary procedures and whistle-blowing protections. The use of excessive violence by police officers has been a major concern in Italy since the s. Beatings and violence are commonly used during demonstrations, and several murders have been carried out. The following incidents caused concern in the country:. Latvia became an independent republic in and attempted to develop an effective and accepted police force, moving away from the untrusted Russian Tsarist administration.

Despite positive post-independence aims to reform the police system and to maintain public order and security, the Latvian police were underfunded and under-resourced.

More significantly, the approach of community policing was replaced with a militarised authority based on Marxist ideologies.

Police brutality is not perceived to be a serious threat to society in Luxembourg. The European Union’s Anti-Corruption report placed Luxembourg, along with Denmark and Finland, as having the lowest incidents of reported police brutality within the European Union. Laws in Luxembourg specifically distinguish between coercion and force in the Act on Regulating the Use of Force. However, this Act does not cover other forms of physical coercion by police officers such as the use of handcuffs as these are seen as basic police measures that do not require specific legislation.

Although police brutality is almost nonexistent in Luxembourg, there are effective procedures in place for the investigation and punishment of any potential misconduct by the Grand Ducal Police.

Malta’s Police Force MPF is one of the oldest in Europe, with the Maltese government taking over the force in following the grant of self-governance. There are approximately 1, members in the Force.

Under the Police Act of , Part V deals with the use of force, where”police officers may use such moderate and proportionate force as may be necessary [ Malta is expected to abide by the European Code of Ethics as a member of the European Union , where “the police may use force only when strictly necessary and only to the extent required to obtain a legitimate objective. Similarly, the Council of Europe of which Malta is a member follows the five principles developed by the European Court of Human Rights , where definition 16 states that police officers “may use reasonable force when lawfully exercising powers”.

Although Malta has attempted to tackle the police brutality through the implementation of independent systems such as the Internal Affairs Unit IAU , the US Department of State report on Malta’s human rights found that “authorities detained irregular immigrants under harsh conditions for up to 18 months during the review of their protected status.

They called upon Maltese authorities to conduct a rapid investigation emphasising the need to forbid violence against migrants and refugees, whether by state parties or by individuals.

Calleja’s nose was bandaged, and Dr. Abela presented a medical certificate showing that it had been broken as evidence. The lawyer also presented his client’s blood-stained clothes — prosecuting inspector Jason Sultana originally objected, but relented after Dr.

Abela said that this objection was due to the fact that the clothes helped confirm the injuries Mr. Calleja sustained. The man said his son was in a bar in Paceville when police went up to him because he was smoking. The man claimed that the police roughly manhandled his son, handcuffed him and threw him into a van where he was beaten up and suffered from lacerations to the head as well as bruised ribs and muscles. He was subsequently charged with threatening the two officers while carrying out their duties, breaching the peace and refusing to give his particulars.

She denied the prosecution’s assertion that Robertson had assaulted police, adding that his friends had witnessed the incident and would be summoned to testify. Tua told magistrate Vella that the police refused to allow Robertson to speak to her during his arrest, instead of holding him overnight and taking a statement the next morning — with the police officer who allegedly delivered the beating present in the interrogation room. The police had not even told him why he was being arrested, she said.

The Netherlands is signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights [] detailing the limits and responsibilities of police powers, and as such demonstrates a public commitment to the restricted legal use of police powers. These powers include the use of reasonable force to enable the effective discharge of duties, with the stipulation force be used proportionately and only as a last resort []. The police force of the Netherlands is divided into 25 regional forces and one central force.

A Regional Police Board, made up of local mayors and the chief public prosecutor, heads each regional force, with a chief officer placed in charge of police operations.

Police accountability procedures include mandatory reporting of any on-duty incident that requires the use of force. The Rijksrecherche is the national agency responsible for the investigation of serious breaches of police conduct resulting in death or injury.

Henriquez died of asphyxiation while in police custody after being suspected of carrying a firearm and being arrested at a music festival in The Hague. The first anniversary of his death in June provided a catalyst for protests against police brutality in The Hague, an area with a significant proportion of residents of non-European background. Eleven protesters were arrested for failing to comply with instructions from the Mayor to limit protest to certain areas of the city, which led some protesters to claim authorities were attempting to criminalize the right to peaceful protest.

In recent years one of the main sources of controversy concerning Polish police brutality has been the use of rubber bullets to disperse uncooperative crowds at sporting events.

A statement released by the PSP acknowledged the controversial incident and announced that an investigation was launched against the officer responsible for initiating the attack. The statement also defended policing the large crowds in the aftermath of the football match. Riot police had clashed with supporters the following day in Lisbon as fans celebrated Benfica’s title victory.

The harsh approach was described as sufficient, justified, and necessary to prevent the social disorder from escalating. In a similar incident in , another football club, Sporting Lisbon, complained about “barbaric” police assaults on their fans. There have been suggestions of institutionalised racism within the Portuguese police force, with activists claiming that discrimination is the deep-rooted cause of police brutality in Portugal.

Proper investigations into police officials are still considered insufficient by Western standards. In , Russia’s top investigative agency investigated charges that four police officers had tortured detainees under custody. Human rights activists claim that Russian police use torture techniques to extract false confessions from detainees. Police regulations require officers to meet quotas for solving crimes, which encourages false arrests to meet their numbers.

The nation-state itself has particularly racist attitudes toward the Romani minority dating back to before the split of Czechoslovakia.

Video footage shot by law enforcement officers in shows 6 Romani boys aged between being forced to strip naked, kiss, and slap each other. It is alleged that the boys were then set upon by police dogs , with at least two sustaining serious injuries.

Officers attempted to justify their behaviour because the boys were suspected of theft against an elderly citizen; however, cruel , inhuman, or degrading treatment by police, regardless of whether a crime has been suspected or committed, is prohibited under international law. As the footage was the main piece of evidentiary support for the crime, without it a conviction could not be passed down. Human rights watchdog organisations have raised concerns around police selectivity in making recordings of raids after a raid in the settlement of Vrbica in ; the police claimed to have not thought the settlement would be problematic; this raid involved 15 men being seriously injured.

It is generally an effective move as the hostile attitude toward the Roma in Slovakia is so entrenched that lawyers are often reluctant to represent Romani victims. Minority groups in Slovenia, particularly the Roma and any residents from the former Yugoslav Republic face discrimination and sometimes brutality by Slovenian police. Their rights have not been fully restored yet.

The police have been known to occasionally use excessive force against detainees in prisons, as well as foreigners and other minority groups, though no police officer has ever been arrested or charged. The worst case of police brutality was the November protests; political dissatisfaction spurred a series of protests in Maribor, Slovenia. For the most part, the protests were peaceful; [] the crowds chanted and behaved non-violently for about two hours on 26 November also known as, “the second Maribor uprising”.

Slovenian media sources reported that the protest only turned violent after the police started using physical force. Since , Slovenian authorities have attempted to rectify this discrimination by introducing a two-day training programme on policing in a multi-ethnic community.

Images show officers using handheld batons to repeatedly hit peaceful demonstrators some of them in the face and neck , rubber bullets, pepper spray, and the injuries caused.

Socially excluded groups have been targeted and the result of police investigations often means the police officers are not deemed to be at fault. According to Grobgeld, the common denominator for people on a special police list is being or married to a Romani person.

A register of Romani people is kept by police. The police claim that they are “following orders”, the “rule of law” and “democratic process”.

The police ordered the local security guards to stop the child. One guard tackled him to the ground and sat on him. He then pushed the child’s face into the pavement hard and covered his mouth. The child can be heard screaming and gasping on the video that has gone viral on the internet. The police then put him in handcuffs. In the United Kingdom employed approximately , police officers in the 43 police forces of England, Wales and the British Transport Police , the lowest number since March Physical force is considered appropriate if:.

This requires a consideration of the degree of force used. Any excessive use of force by a police officer is unlawful and an officer could be prosecuted under criminal law. Despite an average reduction in deaths in custody since , a Public Confidence Survey revealed that public satisfaction following contact with the police was falling and that there was a greater willingness to file a complaint.

Expert evidence indicated that Cole was struck with considerable force on his neck whilst his head was pulled back. On 20 February , Bedfordshire Police Constables Christopher Thomas and Christopher Pitts, chased Faruk Ali before allegedly knocking him over and punching him in the face outside his family home.

Ali was described as an autistic man who had the mental age of a five-year-old. Following an investigation by the IPCC, the officers were fired following breaches of standards of professional conduct including standards of honesty, integrity, authority, equality, and diversity. On 13 July , year-old Mzee Mohammed died in police custody after being detained by Merseyside police at a Liverpool shopping centre.

Officers were called to the scene after Mzee was allegedly behaving aggressively and erratically while armed with a knife. After successfully detaining Mzee, the police called an ambulance after Mzee suffered a “medical episode” and was pronounced dead. Questions remain about how appropriate medical condition could have been administered given how the handcuffs would restrict breathing. The public incidents in which police judgments or actions have been called into question raised concerns about police accountability and governance.

On 16 March , people were arrested in Montreal at a protest against police brutality. In the United States, major political and social movements have involved excessive force by police, including the civil rights movement of the s, anti-war demonstrations, the War on Drugs , and the Global War on Terrorism.

The United States has a far higher number of police killings compared to other Western countries. It was found through Kaiser Family Foundation research that almost half of Black Americans believe they have been victimized by law enforcement. According to a study published in The Lancet , more than 30, people were killed by police in the United States between and Breonna Taylor was killed at the age of 26 when police forced entry into the apartment as part of an investigation into drug dealing operations.

On 25 May , George Floyd , an unarmed African American man, was murdered by a Minneapolis police officer, Derek Chauvin , who knelt on his neck for over nine minutes seconds while three other officers appeared to restrain his back and legs. In the video, it appears George Floyd screaming “You are going to kill me man! Floyd’s murder, captured on video, triggered protests against racial discrimination across the US and the world. The police in Brazil have a history of violence against the lower classes.

In the latter half of the twentieth century, the country was heavily urbanized, while over its last military dictatorship state governments became responsible for Brazilian police forces experiencing which became heavily militarized. The militarist approach to dealing with social issues led the country to its highest violence levels and in Brazil had more violent deaths than the Syrian Civil War , [] with most people fearing the police.

In May , they asked for the immediate suspension of police operations during the pandemic, indicating that continuing such operations would threaten life and dignity. In addition, they cited mortality rates, power abuse cases, and the propriety damages caused by the police raids during a deadly pandemic in poor neighborhoods. According to a witness, he lived in a place with a pool and a barbecue area, where he was with his cousins and friends when the police raid started.

According to the survivors, the boys went to the covered area when they noticed that the police helicopter started to shoot. This murder led people to protest in the streets and was the main argument for the ADPF [] petition, supported by Supreme Courts Minister Edson Fachin in August of the same year.

Afterward, the Court unanimously voted to maintain the decision, which would only authorize operations in “absolutely exceptional” cases that needed to be justified for the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The Supreme Court also stated that in case of authorized operations in the pandemic, “Exceptional care should be taken, duly identified in writing by the competent authority, so as not to put in risk population’ provision of public health services and the humanitarian aid activities.

It must be fast, effective, and complete well as independent, impartial, and transparent. The decision was celebrated by the group as a mark in the history of justice and lives in favela’s struggle. Furthermore, the criminality rates also decreased: a reduction of Nevertheless, the STF decision was not very well received by Rio de Janeiro’s police, who complained and accused the decision to make their work more difficult, even with the decrease of criminality.

They also did not always obey the order and did raid without the requirements the law demanded. On May 6, , Rio de Janeiro police killed 28 people in Jacarezinho Favela [] in a raid that was considered a success by police forces and the state of Rio’s government.

Immediately after the slaughter, human rights activists denounced illegal actions as alteration of the crime scene, invasion of houses, in addition to non-compliance with the protocol demanded by the STF. It is considered the biggest slaughter in the history of the city and is still under investigation. One month later, on June 08th, a young pregnant Black woman was killed by the police in another favela. Kathlen Romeu, 24 years old, [] four months pregnant, was walking with her grandmother when a police officer shot her.

According to the Brazilian Bar Association’s Humans Rights Commission OAB , the operation that killed Kathlen was illegal, and the police officer was hiding in a neighbor’s house to ambush criminals. The unrest has since spread to many cities throughout Colombia. As of 12 September [update] , 13 people have died and over have been injured as part of the protests.

In recent years, Chile ‘s police force Carabineros de Chile has been under investigation because of various cases of power abuse and police brutality, particularly towards students participating in riots for better education and the indigenous Mapuche people; countless cases of violence were enacted on this group for allegedly committing crimes; it was later discovered that some Carabineros officers were responsible for these crimes and blamed Mapuches.

One of the recent cases involving the Mapuche was Camilo Catrillanca’s death. The first reports of his death came from the Carabineros who claimed that Camilo shot at a police officer and others while being investigated for allegedly stealing three cars.

After seeing Camilo “attacking” policemen with a gun in an attempt to escape, the Carabineros shot Camilo in the head and killed him. It was later discovered that this was not what happened; a partner of the police officer that killed Camilo showed the video of the policeman killing him while he drove a tractor.

Carabineros was asked why they did not have a recording of the officer being shot at by Camilo. The institution responded the officer destroyed the SD card because it had private photos and videos of his wife; most people were not satisfied with the answer. The policeman was later discharged and prosecuted. During the —20 Chilean protests , Carabineros de Chile has caused hundreds of eye mutilations on protesters and random civilians with so-called “rubber” bullets and tear gas canisters.

The persistence of police brutality in many nations can be linked to a collective failure of the criminal justice system. Governments enacting “hard on crime” policies, poor police training, and a lack of legal repercussions for officers who use excessive force against civilians all increase the likelihood of police brutality occurring. Additionally, social issues like racial discrimination and poverty can exacerbate the brutality and its effects on marginalized communities.

In nations with a reputation for having a high number of drug-related issues, including gang violence, drug trafficking, and overdose deaths, one common solution that government will enact is a collective campaign against drugs that spans the entirety of the state’s establishment. Changes to address these issues encompass education, bureaucracy, and, most notably, law enforcement policy and tactics. Law enforcement agencies expand and receive more funding to attack the drug problems in communities.

Acceptance of harsher policing tactics grows as well, as an “any means necessary” philosophy develops within the law enforcement community and the militarization of local police forces. For example, in the United States, critics of the War on Drugs waged by the American government have been very vocal about the ineffectiveness of the policy, citing an increase in drug-related crimes and overdoses since President Nixon first introduced this policy.

A type of government failure that can result in the normalization of police brutality is a lack of accountability and repercussions for officers mistreating civilians. While it is currently commonplace for civilians to hold officers accountable by recording them, the actual responsibility of police oversight rests heavily on the criminal justice system of a given nation, as police represent the enforcement of the law.

One method of increasing police accountability that has become more common is the employment of body cameras as a part of police uniforms. In many cases of police brutality, the criminal justice system has no policy in place to condemn or prohibit police brutality.

Certain nations have laws that permit lawful, violent treatment of civilians, like qualified immunity, which protects officers from being sued for their use of violence if their actions can be justified under the law. Police officers are legally permitted to use force. Jerome Herbert Skolnick writes in regards to dealing largely with disorderly elements of the society, some people [ who? There are many reasons why police officers can sometimes be excessively aggressive. It is thought that psychopathy makes some officers more inclined to use excessive force than others.

In one study, police psychologists surveyed officers who had used excessive force. The information obtained allowed the researchers to develop five unique types of officers, only one of which was similar to the bad apple stereotype. These include personality disorders; previous traumatic job-related experience; young, inexperienced, or authoritarian officers; officers who learn inappropriate patrol styles; and officers with personal problems.

Schrivers categorized these groups and separated the group that was the most likely to use excessive force. A broad report commissioned by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on the causes of misconduct in policing calls it “a simplistic explanation that permits the organization and senior management to blame corruption on individuals and individual faults — behavioural, psychological, background factors, and so on, rather than addressing systemic factors.

The use of force by police officers is not kept in check in many jurisdictions by the issuance of a use of force continuum , [] which describes levels of force considered appropriate in direct response to a suspect’s behavior. This power is granted by the government, with few if any limits set out in statutory law as well as common law. Violence used by police can be excessive despite being lawful, especially in the context of political repression. Police brutality is often used to refer to violence used by the police to achieve politically desirable ends terrorism and, therefore, when none should be used at all according to widely held values and cultural norms in the society rather than to refer to excessive violence used where at least some may be considered justifiable.

Studies show that there are officers who believe the legal system they serve is failing and that they must pick up the slack. This is known as “vigilantism”, where the officer-involved may think the suspect deserves more punishment than what they may have to serve under the court system.

During high-speed pursuits of suspects, officers can become angry and filled with adrenaline, which can affect their judgment when they finally apprehend the suspect. The resulting loss of judgment and heightened emotional state can result in inappropriate use of force.

The effect is colloquially known as “high-speed pursuit syndrome”. Police brutality is the misuse of power by the police force to intentionally harm individuals. In , the percentage of people who have confidence in the police hit its lowest since at 52 percent. Individual state statutes and police department policies generally say that police officers are legally allowed to shoot in the instance that they feel the need to protect their lives or an innocent life [ citation needed ] or to prevent the suspect from escaping and posing a dangerous threat to bystanders in society.

Garner made it possible to shoot a fleeing suspect only if they may cause harm to innocent people to prevent officers from shooting every suspect that tries to escape.

Lorie Fridell, Associate Professor of Criminology at University of South Florida, states that “racial profiling was the number one issue facing police [in the s]”, which led her to two conclusions: “bias in policing was not just a few officers in a few departments and, overwhelmingly, the police in this country are well-intentioned.

So the black crime implicit bias might be implicated in some of the use of deadly force against African-Americans in our country”. A experiment conducted on white undergraduate female students showed that there was a higher degree of fear of racial minorities. The paper concluded that people with a higher fear of racial minorities and dehumanization had “a lower threshold for shooting Black relative to White and East Asian targets”.

While the Justice Department reported that Cleveland police officers used “excessive deadly force, including shootings and head strikes with impact weapons; unnecessary, excessive, and retaliatory force, including Tasers, chemical sprays, and their fists” on the victim, there was no real repercussions from their actions.

In a report released concerning the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri , the Justice Department admitted to the Ferguson’s police department’s pattern of racial bias.

The department argued that it is typically an effort to ticket as many low-income black residents as possible in an attempt to raise local budget revenue through fines and court fees. The Justice Department explained police encounters could get downright abusive when the person being questioned by the police officers becomes disrespectful or challenges their authority.

The Department of Justice also released a statement that confronted police officers’ susceptibility to implicit bias: One of the things they looked at was “threat perception failure”, where an officer may believe that the person was armed and it turned out not to be the case.

These failures were observed to occur more frequently when the suspect was black. Data released by the US Bureau of Justice Statistics showed that from to at least 4, people died while being arrested by local police.

Of the deaths classified as law enforcement homicides, there were 2, deaths; of those, 1, or According to the police violence tracking website fatalencounters. However, for every million in population, police killed According to the Police Violence Report, 1, people were killed by police, of which in 16 cases police officers were charged with a crime. Sam Sinyangwe, founder of the Mapping Police Violence project, stated in that “black people are three times more likely to be killed by police in the United States than white people.

Critics of police brutality also note that sometimes this abuse of force or power can extend to police officer civilian life as well. They automatically investigate any deaths caused by or thought to be caused by, police action.